Elizabeth Knox Home And Health Care System Essay - 1286 Words

Question 1. Brief introduction of Elizabeth Knox Home and its importance in Health care system: The Health Care System of New Zealand has undergone for so many significant changes throughout the past few decades to provide best possible health care to all its residents and it changed completely from an essentially public system to a mixed Public – Private health care system. It provide a variety of health services as in public care, primary care and emergency care. Elizabeth Knox Home and Hospital is a Charitable Trust at 10 Ranfurly road, Epsom, Auckland is an organisation which provides a variety of services like: †¢ Rest home care †¢ Hospital care †¢ Young disabled care †¢ Day care †¢ Respite care †¢ Palliative care as well as carer support The trust was established 100 years ago on the basis of a desire to care for those who are in need, of Mrs Elizabeth Knox after her death. Currently it has 136 beds and provide a high level of care across the age continuum – for physically disabled young and elderly. This organisation plays an important role in the service delivery of health care as it offers a wide range of services as well as activities to its residents as they are encouraged to be as independent as possible within a safe, warm, friendly and a comfortable environment. It can be like another home for people away from home with every time access to comprehensive clinical services they should need. At Knox residents are encouraged to participate in indoor or outsideShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCosts 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 Sequence

Greenspan The Man Behind Money Essay - 877 Words

Greenspan: The Man Behind Money In Justin Martins book Greenspan: The Man Behind Money, the life of Dr. Alan Greenspan, a man whose expertise in economics has dramatically influenced the state of the U.S. economy, is told from a historical perspective and in a semi-chronological order. Alan Greenspan grew up in New York Citys Manhattan. After his parents divorced he went to live with his mother and her parents. Greenspans father rarely visited, yet when he did, Greenspan was extremely happy. This detail struck an emotional cord in that it was evident Greenspan strived to succeed not only for himself but also for the approval of his father. Greenspans father was a NY Stock Broker and published a book entitled, Recovery Ahead, a†¦show more content†¦Greenspan began moving away from the benevolent government perspective, toward laissez-faire and limited government. (29). That was the time when Greenspan was taking in as much information as he could, eager to learn and come up with his own theories later. When Greenspan joined Ayn Rands: the objectivists group, it seems like he was influenced by new thought and ideas in general. His meetings with the group allowed him to expand his philosophies and to hear the perspective of those he viewed as intellectuals. Ironically, one of the discussion topics was, The futility and destructiveness of central banks. (42). Ayn Rand was radical in her views, but Greenspan seemed to respect her perspective and defended her over the years, from public criticism. The objectivists held that capitalism was the key to a successful economy. They were strong supporters of a free-market economy and laissez faire-opposing any government intervention. They were particularly against the central bank and during this period, Greenspan wrote several essays, collected in a book called, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal where he critici zed the Federal Reserve, argued for a pure gold standard, and expressed his philosophical objections to antitrust laws. These essays came back to haunt him during his nomination for Chairman of the Federal Reserve, when the Congress questioned him about his past with the objectivists. In Greenspan: TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on Modern American History648 Words   |  3 Pagesthe history of Europe, is wrought with its own heroes and legendary personalities. The three most important span political, economic, and social borders. In its 300 years, the United States has not seen finer heroes than Benjamin Franklin, Alan Greenspan, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Their contributions in politics, regulation of the US economy, and roles in racial diversity, these legends have no precedent. 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As result, a new understanding of personhood that needs to be applied to government led me to see how a new use of communism can be used to establish not only a fair economic view that leaves no one behind, but also a new societal understanding of transcendence derived from an emphasis on religion and community. From a Christian point of view, the early definition of personhood stemmed from Trinitarian theology. As the Father, Son, and Holy SpiritRead More History of the Euro Essay5634 Words   |  23 Pagesbelonging to Euroland since January 1, 2002. The countries that have adopted the euro are the following: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. The big motivation behind the euro is to enable a market that more and more looks like one European market. The goal is for the European capital market to be as efficient as possible, as this is a prerequisite for sustainable economic development. To better understand howRead MoreAuditing Cases22626 Words   |  91 Pagesthat Bass â€Å"concurred with our conclusions.†4 Bass continued to object to the LJM transaction, writing via e-mail to Stewart (Bass’s boss) in February 2000, â€Å"This whole deal looks like there is no substance. The only money at risk here is $1.8 million in a bankrupt-proof SPE. All of the money here appears to be provided by Baron.†45 Duncan’s team did not address Bass’s concerns and in fact continued to misrepresent his views to the client. In late 2000 Duncan asked Bass for more advice on how best toRead MoreFinancial Crisis Essay6766 Words   |  28 Pagesadvance the acts objectives. I will discuss this later in my analysis how I feel it will turn out but now I will mention the effects that the new regulations will have on the credit markets and how they were brought about. 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This method works initially, but will then fold as more investors participate and choose to takeRead MoreDodd-Frank Research Paper8381 Words   |  34 Pagesthe credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street† (Levin a mp; Coburn, 2011, p. 8). The History of Financial Reform in the United States To fully grasp Dodd-Frank, it is important to understand the history behind financial reform in the United States, which began with the National Bank Act of 1864. Prior to 1864, the Federal government had very little involvement in regulating banks (Grossman, 2010). The National Bank Act was intended to create a national

The Crystal Shard 3. The Mead Hall Free Essays

Many miles north of Ten-Towns, across the trackless tundra to the northernmost edge of land in all the Realms, the frosts of winter had already hardened the ground in a white-tipped glaze. There were no mountains or trees to block the cold bite of the relentless eastern wind, carrying the frosty air from Reghed Glacier. The great bergs of the Sea of Moving Ice drifted slowly past, the wind howling off of their high-riding tips in a grim reminder of the coming season. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 3. The Mead Hall or any similar topic only for you Order Now And yet, the nomadic tribes who summered there with the reindeer had not journeyed with the herd’s migration southwest along the coast to the more hospitable sea on the south side of the peninsula. The unwavering flatness of the horizon was broken in one small corner by a solitary encampment, the largest gathering of barbarians this far north in more than a century. To accomodate the leaders of the respective tribes, several deerskin tents had been laid out in a circular pattern, each encompassed in its own ring of campfires. In the center of this circle, a huge deerskin hall had been constructed, designed to hold every warrior of the tribes. The tribesmen called it Hengorot, â€Å"The Mead Hall,† and to the northern barbarians this was a place of reverence, where food and drink were shared in toasts to Tempos, the God of Battle. The fires outside the hall burned low this night, for King Heafstaag and the Tribe of the Elk, the last to arrive, were expected in the camp before moonset. All of the barbarians already in the encampment had assembled in Hengorot and begun the pre-council festivities. Great flagons of mead dotted every table, and good-natured contests of strength sprang up with growing frequency. Though the tribes often warred with each other, in Hengorot all differences were put aside. King Beorg, a robust man with tousled blond locks, a beard fading to white, and lines of experience etched deeply into his tanned face, stood solemnly at the head table. Representing his people, he stood tall and straight, his wide shoulders proudly squared. The barbarians of Icewind Dale stood a full head and more above the average inhabitant of Ten-Towns, sprouting as though to take advantage of the wide and roomy expanses of empty tundra. They were indeed much akin to their land. Like the ground they roamed over, their oftenbearded faces were browned from the sun and cracked by the constant wind, giving them a leathery, toughened appearance, a foreboding, expressionless mask that did not welcome outsiders. They despised the people of Ten-Towns, whom they considered weak wealth-chasers possessed of no spiritual value whatsoever. Yet one of those wealth-chasers stood among them now in their most revered hall of meeting. At Beorg’s side was deBernezan, the dark-haired southerner, the only man in the room who was not born and bred of the barbarian tribes. The mousey deBernezan kept his shoulders defensively hunched as he glanced nervously about the hall. He was well aware that the barbarians were not overly fond of outsiders and that any one of them, even the youngest attendant, could break him in half with a casual flick of his huge hands. â€Å"Hold steady!† Beorg instructed the southerner. â€Å"Tonight you hoist mead flagons with the Tribe of the Wolf. If they sense your fear †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He left the rest unspoken, but deBernezan knew well how the barbarians dealt with weakness. The small man took a steadying deep breath and straightened his shoulders. Yet Beorg, too, was nervous. King Heafstaag was his primary rival on the tundra, commanding a force as dedicated, disciplined, and numerous as his own. Unlike the customary barbarian raids, Beorg’s plan called for the total conquest of Ten-Towns, enslaving the surviving fishermen and living well off of the wealth they harvested from the lakes. Beorg saw an opportunity for his people to abandon their precarious nomadic existence and find a measure of luxury they had never known. Everything now hinged on the assent of Heafstaag, a brutal king interested only in personal glory and triumphant plunder. Even if the victory over Ten-Towns was achieved, Beorg knew that he would eventually have to deal with his rival, who would not easily abandon the fervent bloodlust that had put him in power. That was a bridge the King of the Tribe of the Wolf would have to cross later, the primary issue now was the initial conquest, and if Heafstaag refused to go along, the lesser tribes would split in their alliances among the two. War might be joined as early as the next morning. This would prove devastating to all their people, for even the barbarians who survived the initial battles would be in for a brutal struggle against winter: The reindeer had long since departed for the southern pastures, and the caves along the route had not been stocked in preparation. Heafstaag was a cunning leader; he knew that at this late date the tribes were committed to following the initial plan, but Beorg wondered what terms his rival would impose. Beorg took comfort in the fact that no major conflicts had broken out among the assembled tribes, and this night, when they all met in the common hall, the atmosphere was brotherly and jovial, with every beard in Hengorot lathered in foam. Beorg’s gamble had been that the tribes could be united by a common enemy and the promise of continued prosperity. All had gone well†¦so far. But the brute, Heafstaag, remained the key to it all. * * * The heavy boots of Heafstaag’s column shook the ground beneath their determined march. The huge, one-eyed king himself led the procession, his great, swinging strides indicative of the nomads of the tundra. Intrigued by Beorg’s proposal and wary of winter’s early onset, the rugged king had chosen to march straight through the cold nights, stopping only for short periods of food and rest. Though primarily known for his ferocious proficiency in battle, Heafstaag was a leader who carefully weighed his every move. The impressive march would add to the initial respect given his people by the warriors of the other tribes, and Heafstaag was quick to pounce on any advantage he could get. Not that he expected any trouble at Hengorot. He held Beorg in high respect. Twice before he had met the King of the Tribe of the Wolf on the field of honor with no victory to show for it. If Beorg’s plan was as promising as it initially seemed, Heafstaag would go along, insisting only on an equal share in the leadership with the blond king. He didn’t care for the notion that the tribesmen, once they had conquered the towns, could end their nomadic lifestyle and be contented with a new life trading knucklehead trout, but he was willing to allow Beorg his fantasies if they delivered to him the thrill of battle and easy victory. Let the plunder be taken and warmth secured for the long winter before he changed the original agreement and redistributed the booty. When the lights of the campfires came into view, the column quickened its pace. â€Å"Sing, my proud warriors!† Heafstaag commanded. â€Å"Sing hearty and strong! Let those gathered tremble at the approach of the Tribe of the Elk!† * * * Beorg had an ear cocked for the sound of Heafstaag’s arrival. Knowing well the tactics of his rival, he was not surprised in the least when the first notes of the Song of Tempos rolled in from the night. The blond king reacted at once, leaping onto a table and calling silence to the gathering. â€Å"Harken, men of the north!† he cried. â€Å"Behold the challenge of the song!† Hengorot immediately burst into commotion as the men dashed from their seats and scrambled to join the assembling groups of their respective tribes. Every voice was lifted in the common refrain to the God of Battle, singing of deeds of valor and of glorious deaths on the field of honor. This verse was taught to every barbarian boy from the time he could speak his first words, for the Song of Tempos was actually considered a measure of a tribe’s strength. The only variance in the words from tribe to tribe was the refrain that identified the singers. Here the warriors sang at crescendo pitch, for the challenge of the song was to determine whose call to the God of Battle was most clearly heard by Tempos. Heafstaag led his men right up to the entrance of Hengorot. Inside the hall the calls of the Tribe of the Wolf were obviously drowning out the others, but Heafstaag’s warriors matched the strength of Beorg’s men. One by one, the lesser tribes fell silent under the dominance of the Wolf and the Elk. The challenge dragged on between the two remaining tribes for many more minutes, neither willing to relinquish superiority in the eyes of their deity. Inside the mead hall, men of the beaten tribes nervously put their hands to their weapons. More than one war had erupted on the plains because the challenge of the song could determine no clear winner. Finally, the flap of the tent opened admitting Heafstaag’s standard bearer, a youth, tall and proud, with observing eyes that carefully weighed everything about him and belied his age. He put a whalebone horn to his lips and blew a clear note. Simultaneously, according to tradition, both tribes stopped their singing. The standard bearer walked across the room toward the host king, his eyes never blinking or turning away from Beorg’s imposing visage, though Beorg could see that the youth marked the expressions that were upon him. Heafstaag had chosen his herald well, Beorg thought. â€Å"Good King Beorg,† the standard bearer began when all commotion had ceased, â€Å"and other assembled kings. The Tribe of the Elk asks leave to enter Hengorot and share mead with you, that we might join together in toast to Tempos.† Beorg studied the herald a bit longer, testing to see if he could shake the youth’s composure with an unexpected delay. But the herald did not blink or turn aside his penetrating stare, and the set of his jaw remaining firm and confident. â€Å"Granted† answered Beorg, impressed. â€Å"And well met.† Then he mumbled under his breath, â€Å"A pity that Heafstaag is not possessed of your patience.† â€Å"I announce Heafstaag, King of the Tribe of the Elk.† the herald cried out in a clear voice, â€Å"son of Hrothulf the Strong, son of Angaar the Brave; thrice killer of the great bear; twice conqueror of Termalaine to the south; who slew Raag Doning, King of the Tribe of the Bear in single combat in a single stroke†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (this drawing uneasy shuffles from the Tribe of the Bear, and especially their king, Haalfdane, son of Raag Doning.) The herald went on for many minutes, listing every deed, every honor, every title, accumulated by Heafstaag during his long and illustrious career. As the challenge of the song was competition between the tribes, the listing of titles and feats was a personal competition between men, especially kings, whose valor and strength reflected directly upon their warriors. Beorg had dreaded this moment, for his rival’s list exceeded even his own. He knew that one of the reasons Heafstaag had arrived last was so that his list could be presented to all in attendance, men who had heard Beorg’s own herald in private audience upon their arrival days before. It was the advantage of a host king to have his list read to every tribe in attendance, while the heralds of visiting kings would only speak to the tribes present upon their immediate arrival. By coming in last, and at a time when all the other tribes would be assembled together, Heafstaag had erased that advantage. At length, the standard bearer finished and returned across the hall to hold open the tent flap for his king. Heafstaag strode confidently across Hengorot to face Beorg. If men were impressed with Heafstaag’s list of valor, they were certainly not disappointed by his appearance. The red-bearded king was nearly seven-feet tall, with a barrelshaped girth that dwarfed even Beorg’s. And Heafstaag wore his battle scars proudly. One of his eyes had been torn out by the antlers of a reindeer, and his left hand was hopelessly crumpled from a fight with a polar bear. The King of the Tribe of the Elk had seen more battles than any man on the tundra, and by all appearances he was ready and anxious to fight in many more. The two kings eyed each other sternly, neither blinking or diverting his glance for even a moment. â€Å"The Wolf or the Elk?† Heafstaag asked at length, the proper question after an undecided challenge of the song. Beorg was careful to give the appropriate response. â€Å"Well met and well fought,† he said. â€Å"Let the keen ears of Tempos alone decide, though the god himself will be hard-pressed to make such a choice.† With the formalities properly carried out, the tension eased from Heafstaag’s face. He smiled broadly at his rival. â€Å"Well met, Beorg, King of the Tribe of the Wolf. It does me well to face you and not see my own blood staining the tip of your deadly spear!† Heafstaag’s friendly words caught Beorg by surprise. He couldn’t have hoped for a better start to the war council. He returned the compliment with equal fervor. â€Å"Nor to duck the sure cut of your cruel axe!† The smile abruptly left Heafstaag’s face when he took notice of the dark-haired man at Beorg’s side. â€Å"What right, by valor or by blood, does this weakling southerner have in the mead hall of Tempos?† the red-bearded king demanded. â€Å"His place is with his own, or with the women at best!† â€Å"Hold to faith, Heafstaag,† Beorg explained. â€Å"‘This is deBernezan, a man of great import to our victory. Valuable is the information he has brought to me; for he has dwelt in Ten-Towns for two winters and more.† â€Å"Then what role does he play?† Heafstaag pressed. â€Å"He has informed,† Beorg reiterated. â€Å"That is past,† said Heafstaag. â€Å"What value is he to us now? Certainly he can not fight beside warriors such as ours.† Beorg cast a glance at deBernezan, biting back his own contempt for the dog who had betrayed his people in a pitiful attempt to fill his own pockets. â€Å"Plead your case, southerner. And may Tempos find a place in his field for your bones!† deBernezan tried futilely to match the iron gaze of Heafstaag. He cleared his throat and spoke as loudly and confidently as he could. â€Å"When the towns are conquered and their wealth secured, you shall need one who knows the southern marketplace. I am that man.† â€Å"At what price?† growled Heafstaag. â€Å"A comfortable living,† answered deBernezan. â€Å"A respected position, nothing more.† â€Å"Bah!† snorted Heafstaag. â€Å"He would betray his own, he would betray us!† The giant king tore the axe from his belt and lurched at deBernezan. Beorg grimmaced, knowing that this critical moment could defeat the entire plan. With his mangled hand, Heafstaag grabbed deBernezan’s oily black hair and pulled the smaller man’s head to the side, exposing the flesh of his neck. He swung his axe mightily at the target, his gaze locked onto the southerner’s face. But, even against the unbending rules of tradition, Beorg had rehearsed deBernezan well for this moment. The little man had been warned in no uncertain terms that if he struggled at all he would die in any case. But if he accepted the stroke and Heafstaag was merely testing him, his life would probably be spared. Mustering all of his willpower, deBernezan steeled his gaze on Heafstaag and did not flinch at the approach of death. At the very last moment, Heafstaag diverted the axe, its blade whistling within a hair’s breadth of the southerner’s throat. Heafstaag released the man from his grasp, but he continued to hold him in the intense lock of his single eye. â€Å"An honest man accepts all judgments of his chosen kings,† deBernezan declared, trying to keep his voice as steady as possible. A cheer erupted from every mouth in Hengorot, and when it died away, Heafstaag turned to face Beorg. â€Å"Who shall lead?† the giant asked bluntly. â€Å"Who won the challenge of the song?† Beorg answered. â€Å"Well settled, good king.† Heafstaag saluted his rival. â€Å"Together then, you and I, and let no man dispute our rule!† Beorg nodded. â€Å"Death to any who dare!† deBernezan sighed in deep relief and shifted his legs defensively. If Heafstaag, or even Beorg, ever noticed the puddle between his feet, his life would certainly be forfeit. He shifted his legs again nervously and glanced around, horrified when he met the gaze of the young standard bearer. deBernezan’s face blanched white in anticipation of his coming humiliation and death. The standard bearer unexpectedly turned away and smiled in amusement but, in an unprecedented merciful act for his rough people, he said nothing. Heafstaag threw his arms above his head and raised his gaze and axe to the ceiling. Beorg grabbed his axe from his belt and quickly mimicked the movement. â€Å"Tempos!† they shouted in unison. Then, eyeing each other once more, they gashed their shield arms with their axes, wetting the blades with their own blood. In a synchronous movement, they spun and heaved the weapons across the hall, each axe finding its mark in the same keg of mead. Immediately, the closest men grabbed flagons and scrambled to catch the first drops of spilling mead that had been blessed with the blood of their kings. â€Å"I have drawn a plan for your approval,† Beorg told Heafstaag. â€Å"Later, noble friend,† the one-eyed king replied. â€Å"Let tonight be a time of song and drink to celebrate our coming victory.† He clapped Beorg on the shoulder and winked with his one eye. â€Å"Be glad of my arrival, for you were sorely unprepared for such a gathering,† he said with a hearty laugh. Beorg eyed him curiously, but Heafstaag gave him a second grotesque wink to quench his suspicions. Abruptly, the lusty giant snapped his fingers at one of his field lieutenants, nudging his rival with his elbow as if to let him in on the joke. â€Å"Fetch the wenches!† he commanded. How to cite The Crystal Shard 3. The Mead Hall, Essay examples

Societal and Political Determinant of Reform - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Societal and Political Determinant of Reform. Answer: Introduction The concept of gender equality and women empowerment has been globally adopted by the organizations over industries with a view to provide the women equal opportunity to compete in the male dominated society. The goal of the concept is to strengthen the power of women, especially in the economic field that will help in eradicating poverty in the countries (bh.undp.org 2017). Bahrain is one of the countries who have recently adopted steps for fighting the issues that were being faced by the women in the society to get out of their houses and take part in the mainstream economy to compete the men. Bahrain is located in Middle East, where women are strongly dominated by their male counter parts of the society in the name of religion (bh.undp.org 2017). The policies implemented by UNDP in the past decades to fight the stereotypic mentality and exploring the potential of women reflect some positive outcome (bh.undp.org 2017). The following report will identify the impact of gender equalit y and women empowerment in the banking sector of Bahrain. The research proposal identifies the aims and objectives of the research along with a brief idea on the topic through the study of existing literatures. This proposal also communicates the methodologies incorporated for the completion of the research and the time required. Research Aim The primary aim of the research is to identify the link between gender equality and women empowerment in relation to the banking sector of Bahrain. The research further seeks clarification on the implementation of gender equality and women empowerment in the sector and identifies the way women are treated in this sector. Research Objectives To identify the link between gender equality and women empowerment in relation to the banking sector of Bahrain To identify the reality in the banking industry for Bahrain To identify the extent of implementation of the mentioned concepts in the industry. Research Question How women are treated in the banking sector of Bahrain? How gender equality and women empowerment is perceived in the banking sector of Bahrain? To what extent the gender equality is visible in the industry? Literature Review It was the feminists of 80s and 90s who popularized the concept of women empowerment and gender equality around the globe (Cornwall and Rivas 2015). According to Cornwall and Rivas (2015) the topic was in the lime light at the end of 20th century and received acceptance around industry. Industries were in the front row to embrace the concept (Cornwall and Rivas 2015). However, the current situation in the business world reflects different scenario than the stated (Cornwall and Rivas 2015). A transformation in the frame and policies is necessary for attaining the global gender justice. Al Gharaibeh (2011) focused on the concept in relation to Bahrain, a small Arabian Gulf country that received its freedom from Britain in 1971. The modern independent government of Bahrain sought to exploit the women capital of the country for attaining economic, social, and political benefits (Al Gharaibeh 2011). However, gender discrimination and male dominance was deeply embedded in the society and c ulture of the people of Bahrain. Hence, the realities came out to be different than the one stated in the legislation of the country (Al Gharaibeh 2011). The author also highlighted that though women gained access to the public sphere, they are largely discriminated on the basis of their cultural and social norms stated by their early ancestors. Karolak (2013) on the other hand reviewed the legislation of Bahrain. His findings stated that the government of Bahrain strongly supports the idea of gender equality. However, the study at the same time reflects the absence of any directly stated law for holding the interest of the women in the workplace. This led to the workplace discrimination for the women as they are paid considerably less than their male counterparts are. Karloks study identified that the women on an average receives about 76% of the salary compared to the male for similar position. Kemp, Madsen and Davis (2015) in their study compared women leadership accross countries in the Arabian Gulf. The results of their reports reflect that the women participation of in the economic fields are significantly low in the countries like Kingdom of Bahrain. Moreover, leaders in business organizations hold their cultural point of view and reflects negative attitude for the womens economic participation (Kemp, Madsen and Davis 2015). Naturally, the authors found even less number of women in the authoritative positions in these business organizations of Bahrain in exchange of a significant amount of struggles they face in everyday operation. Similar study conducted by Pillai, Prasad and Thomas (2011) represents a high level of discrimination in the industries of Bahrain regardless of the educational qualification the women held. The women are provided ample opportunities to enter the economic sphere of the country. However, they are likely to face a number of hurdles in the path of getting appraisal and claim for the higher position in ht organization. Gender prejudiced discrimination against the women restricts them from climbing up the corporate ladder in the kingdom of Bahrain. Al-Ghazali, Yusoff and Sadi (2013) took a different approach and studied women entrepreneurs of Bahrain and compared them with the male entrepreneurs to identify the motivations and barriers that the women face. The results clearly state that economic growth works as the primary motivation for the women in setting up their own business. This is evidenced in both the cases of male and female entrepreneurs of the country (Al-Ghazali, Yusoff and Sadi 2013). However, the barriers that work against women are primarily societal. The male dominated society of Bahrain constantly de-motivates the women and makes them doubt their own capabilities in the process country (Al-Ghazali, Yusoff and Sadi 2013). Moreover, they lack of information on the market, due to the lack of support received from the government in the process of data accumulation. This restricts them to explore the market information required to thrive in the market. Kauser and Tlaiss (2011) conducted a multidimensional study on the women of the Middle East Islamic countries that includes the women in the Kingdom of Bahrain. They found that the growth of the employed women in this particular segment of world is considerably slow reflecting a growth of 2% from 1990 to 2004 (Kauser and Tlaiss 2011). They further identified that women employment is restricted particularly in the service sector. The report further highlights the fact that the women in Bahrain and other Middle East countries make up the most of the labour force in the service industries despite similar education they receive as the men. The number of women in higher authority is significantly low (Kauser and Tlaiss 2011). Men employees are given priority despite of their educational qualification when compared to the women employees (Kauser and Tlaiss 2011). Another study The impact of gender, family, and work on the career advancement of Lebanese women managers by Tlaiss and Kauser ( 2011) identified that women over industries in Middle East Islamic countries including Bahrain are paid less compared to their male colleagues. The women interviewed by the authors do not perceive the factors such as family responsibilities as obstacles to their carrier progression but blames the gender discrimination. They could easily manage both their professional and family simultaneously. Male with less educational qualification in these countries are paid more in comparison with female employees until date, which is because of gender inequality. Literature gap The above very short and brief provides a glimpse about women in Bahrain find strong barriers in their economic life due to the absence of direct law safeguarding their interest. This leads to the discrimination based on the sex of an employee in the workplace. They face challenges in surviving and getting promotion in their workplace (Karolak 2013). Moreover, there is a considerable gap in the literary work that has been conducted on the Bahraini banking sector in relation to gender equality and women empowerment, because most of the publications around this topic are from Middle East. Hence, there is ample scope to conduct research on the banking sector of Bahrain and identify the kinds of hurdles the women have to face for surviving and climbing up the ladder in the sector. Research Hypothesis H0 The women in banking organizations in Bahrain are equally treated compared to their male counterpart. H1 Women are provided less importance and advantage in the banking compared to the male. Research Methodology Research design is the overall structure of a report. It can communicate the complete procedure of the research conducted. Six different layers come together to formulate a research design, where each of the layers communicates different methodologies incorporated for the completion of the report (Sekaram and Bougie 2016). Figure 1: Research Onion (Adopted from Sekaram and Bougie 2016) Research Philosophy Four different philosophies inform the reader about the mode of data collection, analysis, and utilization for the particular report. They are realism, interpretivism, positivism, and post-positivism (Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015). Philosophy incorporated for this research is positivism as it helps in uncovering the truth on a particular topic by accumulating knowledge. That in this case will help in understanding the link between gender equality and women empowerment in relation with the banking sector of Bahrain and its impact on the industry. Figure 2: Research Philosophy (Adopted from Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015) Research Approach Two types of research approaches can possibly be taken for the completion of a research - the inductive and deductive approach. An inductive approach is required when the research conducted for proposing new theory on the concept being study. Whereas, the deductive approach is taken into consideration to fulfil the need of validating the existing theory (Waltman et al. 2012). This research aims to identify the link between the gender equality and women empowerment in relation to the banking sector of Bahrain. Moreover, the focus will be given on the change that is visible due to the implementation of the mentioned concepts. Hence, the deductive approach will come in handy for fulfilment of the need of validation. Figure 3: Research Approach (Adopted from Waltman et al. 2012) Data Collection and Analysis Both primary and secondary data will be utilized for the completion of the report due to the limited access for in-depth field research in the industry. Moreover, this research will also consider qualitative and quantitative data collection for understanding the topic and its impact on the organizations. Hence, as narrated by Palinkas et al. (2015) mixed method will be incorporated to extract complete data on gender equality and women empowerment in the organizations of Bahrain. The quantitative data will be collected using questionnaires, which will be distributed to the respondents for providing their opinion. This is referred as closed ended interview. Qualitative data on the other hand will be collected using open ended questions. Here the respondent will be provided scope for expressing their view regarding the issue. The administrative authority of the banking organizations will be interviewed with the open ended questions for gaining deeper insight. The analysis requires a number of analytical tools. The regression tool will be helpful in analyzing the quantitative data, whereas, the qualitative data will be analyzed using pattern identification (Cameron and Trivedi 2013). The concluding tool that is required is the hypothesis testing. This helps in identifying the relation between the variables identified in the research. Sampling Random sampling method will be utilized in this research as it is free from biasness of the researcher (Levy and Lemeshow 2013). The sample for data collection in this case is randomly selected out of the target population. Hence, this will provide authentic data for the research. A sample of five banking organizations in Bahrain will be selected using random sampling technique for this research. Ethical Consideration It is important in any research to safeguard the interest of the respondents. Endangering the respondent by exposing their comment in the research will be a direct violation of the research ethics (Miller et al. 2012). Hence, it is important to maintain secrecy regarding the names of the respondents. However, this may include the job title of the respondent. Time Schedule Main activities/ stages Month November 2017 Month December 2017 Month January 2018 Month February 2018 Month March 2018 Month April 2018 Selection of topic Constructing the research layout Literature review Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Development of research Plan Collecting data from secondary sources Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission References Al Gharaibeh, F., 2011. Women's empowerment in Bahrain.Journal of International Women's Studies,12(3), p.96. Al-Ghazali, B.M., Yusoff, R.M. and Sadi, M.A., 2013. Women Entrepreneurs in Bahrain: Motivations and Barriers.Sains Humanika,64(2). bh.undp.org. 2017.Women's Empowerment. [online] Available at: https://www.bh.undp.org/content/bahrain/en/home/ourwork/womenempowerment/overview.html [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]. Cameron, A.C. and Trivedi, P.K., 2013.Regression analysis of count data(Vol. 53). Cambridge university press. Cornwall, A. and Rivas, A.M., 2015. From gender equality and womens empowermentto global justice: reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development.Third World Quarterly,36(2), pp.396-415. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Karolak, M., 2013. Between Womens Empowerment and Emancipation.. Societal and Political Determinants of Reforms in the Kingdom of Bahrain.Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale darchologie et de sciences sociales sur la pninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula, (1). Kauser, S. and Tlaiss, H., 2011. The Arab women manager: participation, barriers, and future prospects.Journal of International Business and Economy,12(1), pp.35-56. Kemp, L.J., Madsen, S.R. and Davis, J., 2015. Women in business leadership: A comparative Study of countries in the Gulf Arab states.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,15(2), pp.215-233. Levy, P.S. and Lemeshow, S., 2013.Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley Sons. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K., 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation Pillai, K.R., Prasad, S. and Thomas, J., 2011. Why do women still experience downward gravitation in the corporate ladder? A close look at glass ceiling in Bahrain.Research Practice in Human Resource Management,19(1), p.1. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Tlaiss, H. and Kauser, S., 2011. The impact of gender, family, and work on the career advancement of Lebanese women managers.Gender in Management: An International Journal,26(1), pp.8-36. Waltman, L., Calero?Medina, C., Kosten, J., Noyons, E., Tijssen, R.J., Eck, N.J., Leeuwen, T.N., Raan, A.F., Visser, M.S. and Wouters, P., 2012. The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012: Data collection, indicators, and interpretation.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,63(12), pp.2419-2432.

Porn On Internet Essays - Effects Of Pornography, Pornography

Porn On Internet Why is the Internet so enticing for pedophiles? " It's created easily accessible stimulation for child molesters. Anybody can download pictures in complete anonymity. They do not have to make any kind of human contact" (Trebilcock 102). There may be definitions to describe pornography, but they do not truly examine the destruction, degradation, and the pathetic nature of the concept. The word pornography is more destructive than one might believe. It would fit perfectly into Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon's essay entitles "Cheap Thrills". The essay talks about the influencing images of music, video and television. The computer is becoming more and more influencing because of the internet these days. The problem with this type of material today is it is assessable on every computer that is connected on-line to the Internet. Pornography should be eliminated on the Internet so that impressionable individuals can not access the degrading material. Al Gore says" Some say that we should refrain from action, that all action to block children's access to objectable content amounts to censorship. To them I say, blocking your child's access to objectionable Internet content is not censoring that's called parenting"( Simons B10). Eliminating pornography on the net will help to decrease the large amount of pornography users, which will decrease crime. Dr. Victor Cline, from the University of Utah, conducted a study regarding serial murders and rapists. He observed users developing a four-step pattern with pornography. The first step in his study was the addiction. The serial murders and rapist claimed that at first they become addicted to the material. Dr. Cline's study didn't stop there. The serial murderers and rapists claimed to continue on with their addiction. They increased to the next step of Dr. Cline's observed patterns. The use of pornography material escalated. They felt as if they needed more and more pornography with hard core material to meet their needs. Becoming indifferent to others was the third stage. The serial murderers and rapists felt after becoming addicted and escalating their habits, they needed to desensitize. This is when they stopped caring about others. As long as their needs were fulfilled they felt that no harm was done. They were the only innocence in the picture. The last step in Dr. Cline's observation was the actualization, which is the acting out what he/she saw regarding pornography. This is the final stage that serial murderers and rapists concluded themselves in this four-stage process. Therefore, this is the end for innocent adults, children, and animals to get hurt. Pulling all pornography from the Internet will allow fewer people to have access to the degrading material. This is the material that is a common character trait among serial murderers and rapists, which are a belief, held by Dr. Calvin. These four steps of Dr. Calvin's need to be prevented by us the users of the Internet and the people of the world. We need to take it off the Internet now before it gets any worse. Years ago people believed if pornography was to be legalized, the demand for the material would decrease. Now with the experience and technology today, the demand for the material is increasing. A study was directed in many cities with"de facto legalization." The results of this study concluded men becoming addicted to the pornography material and then demanding more. This study also determined, in the last two decades, the number of rapes and child sexual abuse has increased tremendously due to the men who are acting out their desires. This material is like a deadly weapon. It encourages one to strike a gun when they have it in their hand. Then the criminal uses it as an excuse to react on the topic. It was resolved in this study that when pornography addicts become"bored" with a certain type of material, they continue on to much harder material. Material that consumes much more than they have previously observed. They want the hard core pornography. They want it all and this is where the situation becomes a problem. With these two studies from "Is it Pornography" article, the conclusions were both acted out as a result. When a person consumes hard core pornography, this is when most of the violent crimes occur. We must not allow this degrading material to destroy our people, futures and world. People need to realize the damage pornography does and stop it now. "Pornography is illegal for the same reason crack cocaine, steroids, and heroin are illegal. People's lives are consumed and often destroyed by it and those who

CHAPTER 32 Essays - United States, Government, Bush Family

CHAPTER 32 Essays - United States, Government, Bush Family CHAPTER 32 A TIME OF HOPE AND FEAR, 1993 - 2014 Chapter Outline I.The Politics of Polarization, 1993-2008 A.A New Democrat B.The Investigation and Trial of a President C.The Long Election and Trials of 2000 D.A Conservative Washington, 2001-2008 E.Politics and Social-Cultural Issues II.Foreign Policies of Hope and Terror: 1993-2008 A.Clinton's Internationalist Agenda B.Globalization C.Protecting the Planet D.September 11, 2001, and the Bush Doctrine E.Unilateralism and the Iraq War F.National Security and Presidential Power G.Divisions over Foreign Policy Direction III.An Economy of Bubble and Bust, 1993-2008 A.Deregulation of the Financial Sector during the 1990s B.Economics for a New Century, 2000-2006 C.The Bubble Bursts, 2006-2008 D.The Election of 2008 IV.Changing Times, 2009- A.Political Polarization B.The Digital Domain of Liberty, Equality, Power C.The Election of 2012 D.Contentious Times Chronology 1993Congress approves North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 1994Republicans gain control of Congress; O.J. Simpson saga begins 1996Congress overhauls national welfare system; Clinton reelected president; Fox News debuts 1997Congress and White House agree on deficit reduction plan 1998House of Representatives impeaches Clinton 1999Senate Trial ends with Clinton's acquittal 2000Bush v. Gore decision clears way for George W. Bush to become president 2001Congress passes Bush tax cut; Terrorists from al-Qaeda destroy World Trade Center and attack Pentagon; Congress passes Patriot Act; U.S. forces invade Afghanistan 2002National Security Strategy of 2002 reasserts the Bush Doctrine 2003Bush secures another tax cut; United States invades Iraq to topple Saddam Hussein government 2004Bush defeats Kerry in presidential race; Facebook debuts at Harvard 2005Hurricane Katrina hits Gulf Coast; YouTube goes online; Insurgency in Iraq continues as permanent Iraqi government debuts 2006Democrats gain control of Congress; Housing "bubble" reaches its peak 2007New U.S. strategy adopted in Iraq; Housing "bubble" bursts 2008Bush administration and Federal Reserve Board respond to financial meltdown; Great Recession, worst since 1930s, begins; Barack Obama wins presidential race 2009Obama administration passes economic stimulus plan; United States devotes more resources to war in Afghanistan while withdrawing from Iraq 2010Republicans surge at national, state and local levels in elections of 2010 2011A White House-ordered, CIA-directed raid into Pakistan by U.S. Navy SEALs kills Osama bin Laden in early May 2012Facebook begins offering stock shares to the public; Barack Obama reelected president 2014Midterm elections Lecture Outline 1.Finding a consensus to govern was difficult 1993-2008 because legislative moderates, Democrats and especially Republicans, had a hard time remaining in office as the politics of polarization came to the dominate the federal agenda. a.Bill Clinton's "new Democrat" rhetoric and adroit political maneuvering helped him become the first two-term Democrat president, 1992-2001, since Franklin D. Roosevelt. b.The triumph of Clinton's reelection in 1996 was tempered by his impeachment two years later because of his denial of a sexual tryst with a White House intern. In the end, the investigation and trial of a president failed to obtain a conviction on any count. c.The long election of 2000 was mired in controversy and trials. Although Gore won the popular vote, Bush officially won the election weeks later after the U.S. Supreme Court resolved disputed Florida's electoral votes in his favor. d.George W. Bush quickly established a conservative Washington, 2001-2008, with an ambitious agenda of tax cuts, support for fossil fuels, new testing standards in public education, and a new drug plan for Medicare. e.There was little common ground in politics on many social-cultural issues including hot button topics of immigration and gay marriage. 2.Foreign policy, 1993-2008, changed course from hope in the post-Cold War Clinton years, to terror in the Bush administration following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on New York's World Trade Center, Washington, D. C., and Pennsylvania. a.Clinton's internationalist agenda saw him employ U.S. forces under the United Nations in Somalia and NATO in Yugoslavia. Critics said he lacked a clear vision for using force while defenders argued he was flexible and engaged with multinational support. b.Clinton fulfilled a principal goal of lowering trade barriers and expanding globalization of markets, most prominently with NAFTA. c.Clinton's efforts at protecting the planet produced a broad expansion of protected land and recognition that the United States, despite its many regulations, was one of the world's leading polluters. d. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 resulted in the creation of the Bush Doctrine in which the United States claimed unilateral authority to wage preemptive war. e.The unilateralism of the Bush Doctrine was employed against Iraq because Bush claimed that country presented

Argument Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument Analysis - Essay Example This article primarily discusses how Facebook has become addictive despite its various flaws most noticeably those pertaining to privacy and loss of valuable human interaction. This idea, however, has not been explicitly stated and unfolds until one finishes reading the argument. Although the thesis has been implicitly stated in the argument, it is easily understood and apparent through the language used by the author. This article is mainly targeted at the youth, primarily 15-30 year olds who either use Facebook regularly or disprove of its use. The author tries to engage this audience by using analogies which relate Facebook to a country and its users as nationals, he aptly describes the thesis through the phrase â€Å"you’ll never make it past the border† (Petri) which means Facebook is addictive. Furthermore, the use of statistics is also prevalent although to a lesser extent. More statistics could have been used such as an appropriate number of people who quit Facebook per year or the number of users who intend to quit Facebook but do not. These could have strengthened the author’s argument greatly. Furthermore, the sources of the statistics used in this article have not been disclosed which questions the authenticity of these statistics. On the brighter side, however, examples and analogies were primarily used to convey the argument which did prove effective. While the use of analogies has proved to be convey a convincing argument, several assumptions have been made by the author are too simplistic and have been generalized. For instance, the author assumes that we spend ‘all’ our time on Facebook which disregards many users who do not use Facebook at all or who use it sparingly. This has somewhat weakened the argument since only one type of users have been considered which is ‘heavy users’ of Facebook. Describing

Arius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Arius - Essay Example This teaching ended up becoming so popular in fact that many bishops ended up defecting to the Arian heresy, and it was officially condemned at the First Council of Nicea in 325 AD and as well was supported later in the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD. Then, from these councils came the Nicene Creed which Christians profess in Church each Sunday. There are many different important issues that should be known about Arius, and the aim of this paper is to discuss the most significant of all. Who Arius was, where he came from and the type of life that he lived, what his method of communicating his beliefs was, and the controversy that he caused throughout his life - each and every one of these issues will be thoroughly addressed and discussed here, and by doing this, we will be able to attain a much more informed and knowledgeable understanding on Arius overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Arius is considered to have been of Libyan descent, with his father being known as Ammonius. Arius was a student in Antioch at the exegetical school, where he studied under Saint Lucian, who was in fact the school's founder. It was in the year 313 when Arius was made presbyter of the Baucalis district in Alexandria, and this is how he really became known. He was considered as being a man of personal aesthetic character, pure morals, and decided convictions, although at the same time there were a number of people who assailed his character. The traditional beliefs of his time are incredibly important to take into consideration, and Christianity was by far the most major religion. Pope Miltiades was the Pope from July 2, 310 or 311, to January 10 or 11, 314, and was subsequently made a saint. Miltiades was who became Pope after the Roman emperor Galerius had previously passed on an edict of toleration ending the persecution of Christians, and "During his pontificate, in 313, the Edict of Milan was passed by the tetrarchs Constantine and Licinius, declaring that they would be neutral with regard to religious worship and restoring church property. Constantine presented the pope with the Lateran Palace which became the papal residence and seat of Christian governance" (Haas, 1993). In the year 313, Miltiades presided over the Lateran Synod in Rome at which Caecilian was acquitted of the charges that had been brought up against him, and Donatus Magnus ended up being condemned as a heretic. Magnus was then summoned to the Co uncil of Arles, the first representative meeting of all of the Western Roman Empire's Christian bishops, but he ended up dying before it was even held. After the death of Miltiades, he was made a saint, with his feast-day being held on December 10. There is also the important note to make of although his death was considered as being natural, at the same time he is nonetheless regarded as a martyr because of all of his earlier suffering under the ant-Christian emperor Maximan. The name God is considered as referring to "the deity held by monotheists to be the supreme reality. God is generally

Cornish identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cornish identity - Essay Example In a society, an individual takes different roles, which is why his identity too changes with each context. An individual is identified as a person, as a part of a community, religion, culture, race, gender and so on. As today's societies are multicultural, people of different cultures co-exist and identities are being given more prominence. People follow diverse religions and come from different races. National identity in the contemporary world means a group of people following the social culture. Even people of different religions speak the same language, eat the same food, dress in a similar way, and follow a common lifestyle and social behavior. "Thus, culture determines national identity. Culture makes a nation's growth and evolution possible; culture is an ingrained aspect of society through its historical experience rather than a collection of codes or conventions that are imposed by theocratic or secular state systems." (Koushan 2008). A knowledge about their separate religi ons and races will not act as a barrier in being a part of the nation in which they live. This paper analyses the Cornish identity and its formation using examples.Benedict Anderson, in his article 'Imagined Communities' say that nation is just a concept created by the society. Individuals in a nation are not all familiar with each other. Still, there exists a kind of nationhood in them when someone represents their nation in international events. I propose the following "definition of the nation: it is an imagined political community - and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign." (Anderson 1999, p.6). Cornwall is a part of the British Isles, where a vast majority of its inhabitants consider themselves as Cornish and not as British or English. The Cornish people are proud of their Cornish identity and consider Cornwall as a different imagined community. Bernard Deacon in his book says, "Our names therefore define who we are in the present, who we were in the past and the imagined community to which we belong now and once belonged." (Deacon 2004, p.56). Presently, the inhabitants of Cornwall include a lot of immigrant people, reducing the percentage of population of Cornish birth to 50. However, studies show that it is not the number that matters, but their thoughts. Carrick District council did a private sector housing survey in 1996 and it was found that despite a low percentage of native Cornish people, more than 37 percent of the population called themselves Cornish and not their original ethnic group. "Again, this implies a considerable willingness to self-define as 'Cornish'. This is especially the case as the Cornish-born are more likely to be in public sector housing." (Perceptions). Cornishness is represented and evident in their language, sports, politics, geography and even commercial products. "Despite the communications and transport revolution, international media and the inward migration of the twentieth century, Cornwall remains nevertheless decidedly special." (Cornwall 2007). Among these, Cornish language is of great significance in their lives. In the sixteenth century, English was imposed on the Cornish people and this was opposed and resisted by many people. As a result, modern Cornish emerged in the eighteenth century. It was successfully revived in the twentieth century with slight changes and Cornish is a language which people commonly use to speak and write. This situation is the result of a conscious effort to revive the language. Now, it is taught in schools and colleges in order to popularize it even more. There are films made in Cornish. Cornwall has hosted the International Celtic Film Festival in which Cornish films are included. There are magazines in Cornish and many shops are named in Cornish. As a result, the UK government officially recognized Cornish language as a minority language, which is a real achievement for the Cornish people. Nick Raynsford, the Local government and Regions Minister said, "This is a positive step in acknowledging the symbolic

Organisations Are Not All The Same

Organisations Are Not All The Same Majority of organizations have a management structure that determines the relationships between the members and different activities happening within the organisation, the responsibilities ,the assigned roles and finally the authority to carry out different tasks. Organizations are open systems, their surroundings or environments affect them and they in turn affect their environment. What do organisations do? The ultimate goal of an organization is the ability working together. The strength of an organization arises from its capacity for coordination of systems, people, and activities. Coordination and integration is very essential to every single organisation, because this not only helps the organisation grow, but also makes it stronger as a unit. So therefore integration and coordination are the most advanced tools of an organisation. What are they composed of? Organisations are composed of major subsystems, such as teams, groups, departments and programmes etc. departments, programs, divisions, teams, etc. Each of these subsystems has a way of doing things to, along with other subsystems. How are organisations; organised? Organisations are made up of different sub structures. In any organization employees duties are typically defined by who they report to, what they do, and for the managers, who reports to them. As the organization grows bigger these roles are assigned to positions within the organization rather than to specific individuals. The best an organization is organized depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of labor, capital, revenue, and the location of its facilities; and the types of the businesses the organization is involved in. Are they all the same; or are there differences? Organisations are not all the same If they are different; in what way do they differ? Organisations differ through the structures a particular organisation chooses to run its firm on. What are the reasons for the differences? Seminar Question Two Why is understanding the context within which an organisation operates important? (Remember you should be using the literature to develop and support your answers) The organizational context refers to the scope of an entity, such as an entire organisation, a sub-organisation within the overall organisation, a work unit, a parent organization a work role etc. There are three perspectives to which an organisation operates; they are the strategic, tactical and operational. The strategic focuses on long term needs within the organisation, the tactical focuses on long term needs within the organisational context, and the operational perspectives is based on users task within the organisation. Seminar Question three What benefit would strategic decision-makers gain from utilising a definitive framework and following a specified strategy development and deployment process? Strategic management evaluates the major initiatives taken by a companys top management on behalf of owners, involving resources and performance in external environments. It specifies the organizations vision, mission, and goals. It helps shapes up policies and plans, often in terms of certain target to be meet or projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these goals. According to recent studies carried out by leading management theorists strategy needs to start with stake holders expectations when dealing with any major problem. Strategic management provides guidance and an overall direction to the firm. According to Arieu (2007), there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context. Seminar Question Four Carry out a PESTLE analysis of a nationally operating retailing organisation. Discuss the results of your analysis and any conclusions you can make concerning the organisations mid to long term future. What trends might be useful to monitor as a performance indicator for strategic actions the organisation might take? Use the PESTLE grids we looked at this week and submit copies with your answer PESTLE ANALYSIS FOR COCA-COLA Coca-Cola, the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of beverage drinks in the world as of today. Coca-Cola is recognized as the worlds most valuable brand in the beverage industry. They have the worlds largest beverage distribution system, plus boasting total consumers in more than 200 countries Political Analysis Government regulations and rules make Coca-Cola follow and open strict laws and regulations. Government have potential fines and penalties set aside if they do not meet this rules. Different changes in laws and regulations, changes in non-alcoholic environment Seminar Question Five Conduct a review of the business literature, and then carry out a Five Force analysis of the Coca-Cola organisation. Describe and discuss the results of your analysis The competitive structure of coca cola organisation and can be analysed using Porters five forces. This model attempts to analyse the coca cola industry by considering five forces within its market. The extent to which barriers to entry exist. The more difficult it becomes for other firms to enter the market, therefore making it more likely for existing firms to make more profits. Coca cola as an existing brand would have a high level of loyalty form its customers and as an already existing it may react aggressively to any new entrant into its type of market. Thirdly the stronger the power of buyers in an industry the more likely it is that they will be able to force down prices and reduce the profits of firms that provide the product. There would also be heavy competition coca cola faces regularly from its different rivals such as Pepsi, and since there is a high degree of rivalry that exist between these two fierce competitors, it would be relatively hard for coca cola to generate high profits. In addition, supplier power plays a big role in Coca-Cola operating strategy because, if the supplier power is strong, then it would be difficult for Coca-Cola to make high profits if the suppliers determine the terms and conditions on which the business is run. Finally Coca-Cola is likely to generate higher returns if the industry Is difficult to enter, there are limited rivalry, the buyers are relatively weak, Suppliers are also relatively weak, and there are few substitutes. On the other hand from my review, they would make low returns, if the suppliers are strong, there are numerous substitutes available, there is a high degree of rivalry between the firms, buyers are strong, and the industry is easy to enter. Seminar Question Six In an organisation change programme after PESTLE and 5 force analysis have been completed the 7S Model specifies seven factors that are classified into soft and hard elements. Soft elements are skills style and shared values, while the hard elements on the other hand are easily identified and influenced by management. The hard elements are systems, structure and strategy. Seminar Question Seven When considering the Boston Matrix explains what causes products and services to be cash users, cash neutral or cash generators. Explain why an organisation might decide to keep providing a product or service long after it has reached the decline and low return stage of the life cycle. Cash cows have high customer loyalty and own a high percentage of the market share .This is because customers have a good understanding of the product and most times are loyal, and less marketing support is needed to promote the particular good or service. These high sales results in economies of scale so therefore the average unit costs are relatively low. Profit margins, on the other hand, are likely to be on the high side because the product is a major cash generator. Seminar Question Eight What would the value chain of a university look like? Produce a value chain model and a short description. Make some suggestions of how to improve the cost effectiveness of some of the value chain elements. Seminar Question Nine Produce a table that records the features of the competitive positioning strategies of: Ryan Air, BMW and Rolls Royce. Where do each of these organisations fit in the Porter Generic Strategy Model? Describe how each organisation sustains their competitive advantage Seminar Question Ten The key stakeholders for the University of Huddersfield are: The students /parents alumni: The students want a good valued degree leading to further study or graduate employment. A good caring safe student experience with a good quality accommodation and top class facilities is also needed. Furthermore high standards of teaching and academic support 3. Employees businesses 4. School colleges 5. Applied research funders

Review of Hatchet by Gary Paulsen Essay -- Hatchet Gary Paulsen

Review of Hatchet by Gary Paulsen I read the book Hatchet by Gary Paulsen. The book was about a thirteen-year-old boy named Brian Robeson who was stranded in a plane crash. He was out in the Canadian wilderness trying to visit his dad. Brian is left with nothing but his clothing a tattered windbreaker, and the hatchet his mother had given him as a present. First as Brian and the pilot were flying to Brian father?s house the pilot was showing Brian how to fly the plane. ? Here, put your hands on the controls, your feet on the rudder pedals, and I?ll show you what I mean?(P. 4). During the flight the pilot seemed to be having trouble with pain in his arm and side. Little did he know that this was a sign of a major heart attack. ? And now a jolt took him like a hammer blow, so forcefully that he seemed to crush back into the seat, and Brian reached for him, could not understand at first what it was, could not know. And then knew? ( P.10). Brian was left all alone, to fly the plane by himself and he knew he didn?t have much of a chance to survive. Next the big problem was that the plane ran out of fuel and it took a slight dive. The plane went into a glide and continued to descend. He spotted a lake and steered towards the lake. He wasn?t a good pilot and ended up in the trees instead of the lake were he originally wanted to go. ?There were great wrenching as the wings caught the pines at the side of the clearing and broke back, ripping back just outs...

Fresh Food vs Canned Food Essay

As children we often have no say in what we choose to eat. We were always taught to eat the food that was given to us on our plates. It’s not until we reach adulthood that we make conscious decisions on what we choose to consume. As adults we seem to indulge in the foods that make us happy, as well as the foods that will take the least amount of time out of our day to day schedule. Eating is an activity that we as humans do at least two times a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. We choose what we would like to eat and how it will affect our bodies. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the differences between eating fresh foods instead of canned foods. There are many different reasons to keep in mind when choosing canned or fresh foods, such as flavor, health benefits, accessibility and cost. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor. Fresh foods have great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Nothing is added or taken away, just the simple taste that nature has provided. Canned foods however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristics due to the fact that there are chemical products added to the natural foods. It’s logical that fresh foods will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed, just because of the time in which they have been prepared. Comparing both types of foods we notice another difference, there is a health factor that affects both of them. Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life. In some instances, apparent freshness of the food could also become toxic if consumed too often. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost and accessibility. Canned foods are much more expensive than fresh foods. One could easily say that buying a pound of fresh carrots would cost the average shopper twice the amount of money, than buying two cans of carrots for under a dollar. The benefit of buying tinned foods is there accessibility, for example, it is easier to go down to your local supermarket and pick up a few canned green beans, instead of finding a market that specializes in fresh foods. As time goes on, we as adults are always in a rush to get somewhere or to finish something. It’s no surprise that the most important factor to an everyday adult is that canned foods require less work to prepare than fresh foods, just open and serve. As we can see it comes down to a personal choice, based on the time each person has, the money and the importance he/she gives to his/her nutrition and health. Therefore it is important that you consider your possibilities and choose the best type of foods for your convenience and lifestyle.

The Effect on the Church During the Black Death Essay Example

The Effect on the Church During the Black Death Essay Example The Effect on the Church During the Black Death Essay The Effect on the Church During the Black Death Essay Essay Topic: The Black Monk The Black Death stands as a convenient divider between the central and the late Middle Ages in Europe.Also known as bubonic plague was caused by an infectious flea on rats.It was highly contagious and the victims usually died in around 3 days after thefirst symptom.Itfirst erupted in the Gobi Desert in the late 1320s, without any available reason.It traveled fast infecting all Asia and in China the plague dropped the population about one hundred million over the course of the 14th century.Arriving in Italy in 1347 it spread quickly through the continent. By the time it was done with Europe it killed on fourth of the population or around twenty-five million people.Though the population dropped dramatic the Christian church suffered the most in this horrifying period of time. In the early and central Middle Ages the church was the most powerful group in Europe.It was the European government and the wealthiest group on the continent.When the plague started the church became even more p owerful and popular the ever.The Church dealt with the Plague in a number of ways. The most distinguished of these was that there were much more processions and vows, hoping of gaining recognition from God.In this quote by an unknown individual When in 1347 the plague was raging at Luebeck the confession was so great that the citizens, as if deprived of their senses, took leave of life and willingly renounced all earthly possessions. They bore their treasures to the monasteries and churches to lay them on the steps of the altars. But for the monks the money had no attraction, for it brought death. They closed their gates, but the people threw their money over the walls of the monasteries; they would brook no impediment in their last pious work, to which they were urged by mute despair. [Black] it is clearly seen that the church maybe became more popular than it ever was.As seen in the quote above the monks didn

Single Displacement or Substitution Reaction

Single Displacement or Substitution Reaction A single displacement reaction or substitution reaction is a common and important type of chemical reaction. A substitution or single displacement reaction is characterized by one element being displaced from a compound by another element.A BC → AC B A single displacement reaction is a specific type of oxidation-reduction reaction. An element or ion is replaced by another in a compound. Single Displacement Reaction Examples An example of a substitution reaction occurs when zinc combines with hydrochloric acid. The zinc replaces the hydrogen:Zn 2 HCl → ZnCl2 H2 Here is another example of a single displacement reaction: 3 AgNO3 (aq) Al (s) → Al(NO3)3 (aq) 3 Ag (s) How To Recognize a Substitution Reaction You can recognize this type of reaction by looking for a trade between one cation or anion in a compound with a pure substance in the reactants side of the equation, forming a new compound in the products side of the reaction. If, however, two compounds appear to trade partners, then youre looking at a double displacement reaction rather than a single displacement.

Assagnment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assagnment - Essay Example We will focus on the biggest area of its business, television. Its television division is a global company that broadcasts all over the world. Its main competitor, Company XYZ, is also a global company that broadcasts internationally. The company’s working principle is to provide the audience with what they want to see on television to obtain more viewers without sacrificing the quality of its television programs. For a television station, it is sometimes hard to weigh which is a more important aspect of television programs: quantity of viewers or quality of shows. Though many people may think that quality shows amounts to many viewers, it is often not the case. Many times, viewers switch on their television sets just to view on a program (or channel) they have patronized for a long time. It does not necessarily mean that what the station offers are what the viewers want to see. The reason for this is mainly because big television stations would rather invest on formulaic, tested programs than on risky, novel concepts that may cause the station millions. On a business financial side, this is an understandable fact. However, one can also see that if this principle continues to pre-empt the conceptualization and realization of fresh and excellent ideas, it may spell disaster in the long run. There is the risk of having the main competitor station come up with a good idea that may be a hit to the viewers. It will be a tough truth to accept if this particular â€Å"hit† idea was initially thought of by the station but was not realized due to fear of â€Å"too much risk†. This is the main reason why ABC Company thought of splitting up the Research and Concept Development Group. It is to have a section that would focus also on the qualitative side of things. This is the department that will be discussed in this paper. This department is divided into quantitative and qualitative

Market Efficiency and its implications for Macroeconomic Behaviour Essay

Market Efficiency and its implications for Macroeconomic Behaviour - Essay Example This paper studies all aspects of market efficiency and its implications for macroeconomic behavior. The behavioral economics challenged market efficiency hypothesis, which supposedly incorporates all information rationally, and instantly. The argument is based on that markets are not rational, but are driven by fear and greed. There were a lot of research in the cognitive neurosciences, which suggests that these two perspectives are opposite to each other. When money is put into the market, it is done with the aim of generating a return on the capital. Many investors try not only to make a profit but also to outperform, or beat, the market. According to the EMH, no investor has an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price . In order for a market to become efficient, investors must perceive that a market is inefficient and possible to beat. Investment strategies intended to take advantage of inefficiencies are actually keeping market efficient. Investment strategies intended to take advantage of inefficiencies are actually the fuel that keeps a market efficient. There are three identified classifications of the EMH: strong efficiency, semi-strong efficiency, and weak efficiency. The random walk theory asserts that price movements will not follow any patterns or trends and that past price movements cannot be used to predict future price movements. The debate about efficient markets has resulted in many empirical studies attempting to determine whether specific markets are in fact "efficient" and if so to what degree.

Explain how schooling and earnings are related and how a Mincer Essay

Explain how schooling and earnings are related and how a Mincer function estimates the rate of return to schooling. What problem - Essay Example This premium has increased since the 1970s. It means that the employers in different sectors value workers who are more educated (Steve, 2006). The set of abilities and skills that different individuals bring to the market is called human capital. Schooling is an investment in the human capital. This is so because it delivers skills that are specialized and boosts the productivity of workers. As a result, levels of education that are higher generally lead to an increased power of earning (Boniface, 1999). Different researches have been able to show that each year one spends in school improves their annual earning by ten per cent (Melvin, 1991). However, one should way the options of attending work to furthering their education. This choice is called the â€Å"opportunity cost† or the true price of education. A person who seeks to maximize his future earnings should choose remaining in school to learn more if only the long-run payout in an additional year in school is able to s urpass the opportunity cost (Vade, 2012). The impact caused by schooling on the different levels of earning carries a significant weight for the decision making of persons as well as the policy makers. With the theories of education and earning in the United Kingdom and the averaged ten per cent return rate annually, schooling represents among the finest investment any given government can make for the period of financial limitations and scarce resources. Through subsidizing education, the policy creators are able to ensure that education is more affordable and more accessible. It is argued that investment in the sector of education is a sure way for good result of an economy and the standard of living for the people who have low incomes. (Ruben, 1999). The Wage-schooling locus is a theory based on the total amount of earnings that different firms are ready to pay their employees for a given level of schooling. According to the theory, different workers with different educational le vel have different amount of salaries (Helen, 2005). The more one is educated the more his or her salary per annum. There are certain properties that a wage-schooling locus has. The locus slopes upwards. The upward sloping curve shows that more education is needed in the market and an increase in the level of education has an increasing effect on the salaries of employees (Jackson, 1997). This curve indicates an earnings increase associated with one year additional of education. The wage-schooling locus curve is concave. This indicates that there is a diminishing rate of return to the accumulation of human capital. Each additional year of education yields less knowledge increase and a lower additional earning compared to previous years (Else, 1999). A year increase in education leads to an increase in salaries but at a reducing rate. The wage-schooling locus indicates the salary which a worker would get after completing a certain level of education (Reuben, 1990). If this worker wer e a high school graduate, he or she would earn $ 21,000 in a year. If the worker advances his or her education for one year in college, his or her returns will increase to $ 24,000, according to this graph. Dollars 24,000 21,000 12 13 14 Years of schooling Mincer function Mincer was able to come up with an earning natural logarithm model. This model is a function of the education years and the years of the

Analysis of Family Guy Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Family Guy Essay Back in the eighth grade at the Pierce elementary school, a few of my friends and I sat around the circular lunch room tables, the same ones where we sat every day of the year. Our discussion shifted to our favorite TV. shows. At the time, I was a big Simpsons fan and I didnt really watch too many other shows regularly. We would go around blurting out funny lines and quotes from our favorite episodes or recall hilarious incidents. This was when two of my friends were talking about this show Family Guy. Even though I had never seen it, I could tell from their impersonations that it was a funny show. It had the same general theme as The Simpson, but had even crazier and funnier plots and adventures. When I finally saw my first episode in ninth grade, it was an instant classic in my list of favorite shows. From then on I would watch it as mush as it was on and I even got a collection of DVDs which I watch regularly. This show goes into the life of an average family in Rhode Island. The characters include a mother and father, three children including two awkward and socially challenged teenagers and a talking baby, as well as the talking family dog. It makes fun of things we do every day that may not seem stupid, but really they are unnecessary and pointless. This show is filled with hilarious flash backs to past events, and includes lots of sarcasm as well as some dumb comments and actions by the unintelligent father, Peter. One of my favorite episodes is Pre-Retarded, where Peter finds out hes retarded and goes around doing stupid, but hilarious things. He wins a game of Trivial Pursuit because his wife gave him ridiculously easy questions from the childrens version including What color are fire trucks? Peter struggles, but eventually gets it right and wins the game, convincing himself that hes a genius. When he takes the test, he finds out that not only is he not a genius, hes actually mentally retarded so he bulldozes the house in celebration. This episode is similar, but better than the rest of the episodes, because the plot is typical, but it is filled with more funny comments and random instances. Although this show may seem just like a basic comedy, meant to entertain children, it is really targeted at teens and young adults. The comedy makes fun of other stereotypes and gets away with things that may be considered racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, and homophobic. It portrays these groups of people in the way they are supposed to be seen in society, but shows that the stereotypes arent true, by making the stereotypes seem stupid and exaggerated. In another episode when they are trying to get away from a bunch of southerners, the dog, Brian screams Look, its a newly-married, interracial, gay couple burning the American flag. It shows how ridiculous they look when they all scream, Oh lets getem!, and this way it makes fun of the stereotypes against southerners, and the group of people described in his remark, because the people would never actually do this. The reason I like Family Guy is because it is really one of the funniest, and most genius shows on television. The writers of the show are very intelligent, and smart about what they write. Although this show is hilariously funny, that is just one of its good qualities. It also sends an important ideas about how people are supposed to be seen, and tells us that stereotypes arent always true. It makes fun of average things and has long awkward pauses to show how funny our daily routines can be. Although this show may be offensive to some, I believe it is all in good humor. I am Jewish and in some episodes they do make fun of Jews reinforcing the stereotypes, that all Jews are rich accountants, lawyers, or doctors. This is just to make a point, and the writers do not really believe the things they show, because they exaggerate the stereotypes to make them look silly. In a way, this show is a lot like me. On the outside I really enjoy comedies, and basic entertainment that I can laugh about. There are also real issues that are important to me, and other things in my life that I care about besides just humor. This show is very provocative, but I believe it to be very funny as well as important, even if others may not share these same views. This program shows that I am a caring person and I am aware of the realities in life. Like Family Guy, I may be funny and joking on the outside, but we both go deeper on the inside.

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry In todays rapidly changing business environments it is an essential activity for every destination, to prevent disturbance in tourism. Mill and Morrison, (1998). The author, say that a destination is highly influenced by the wide-range effects of tourism, it is therefore vital to plan for any development. According to J. C. Henderson, (2005), many researchers have approached the issue on tourism planning and policies through different perspectives; the temporal and spatial evolution of destinations the impacts of development, government growth policies, planning imperatives, marketing issues and topics studied. On top of that, the same author makes reference to the various opinions of different authors who make mentioned about the essential factors that would encourage tourism development at a particular destination Critical influences relate to accessibility (Prideaux, 2000), attraction and amenity standards (Gunn, 2004), awareness and positive images (Johns and Mattson, 2005) associated with promotion and marketing (Buhalis, 2000), a supportive government (Weaver and Lawton, 2002) and a peaceful and stable environment (Poirier, 1997). Planning approach tourism planning is defined as a comprehensive, coordinated and continuing processthat promote the common good of society According to (Stifel, 1990), society benefits and welfare should be the main focus of all stakeholders involved in decisions making pertaining to any tourism development. Moreover, tourism planning has been defined as a process based on research and evaluation, which seeks to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality, (Tosun and Jenkins, 1998). In the above statement, Tosun and Jenkins, agree with Stifle stating that human welfare is indeed to be considered while planning for tourism development and on top of it argued that tourism should not only look into tourists numbers and economic gain, but such development should be environmentally sound. Importance of Tourism linkage However, planning requires the integration of the tourism industry into other sectorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Timothy, (1999). Timothy argues that tourism cannot operate on its own, (as it is environmentally dependant) and rely on other sectors of the economy, such as; agriculture, industry and transportation, to exist. There is the need to create linkage. According to Nikolaos Karangiannis 2003, lack of an overall integrated policy has limited the contribution of tourism growth to the countrys socio-economic development.[15] Therefore the author mentions that the need to formulae policies for economic restructuring and diversification was eminent. The government in Jamaica decides therefore, to create linkage between tourism, commodity production sectors, and complementary and related services in order to rejuvenate the industry, increase economic gain and competitiveness. Tourism Planning and policies Authorities have a vital role and public investment and implementation of pro-tourism policies can help in ensuring that such circumstances do prevail. (Joan C. Henderson, 2006) Government policy is about influencing the way people utilize their resources and the way they relate to each other (within and across state and national boundaries) and their environment. (Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002) state that special competencies are required to understand the functioning of tourism and to formulate policies. They added policies, planning and development is at any scale, from national to local and their purpose and reasons differs from one destination to another. (Taylor 1994), government holds the responsibility for research and guideline development, especially in three areas: travel markets, existing and potential; tourism physical plant; linkages between market needs and physical and physical plant development. Further arguments, by Clare (A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002), stated that although government intervention is important to control impact of fragmented development on the environment and society, it has also been observed that capitalistic countries which adopt a laissez-Faire tourism policy by private sector, has very little government intervention. The belief that political serenity, not scenic or cultural attractions, constitutes the first and central requirement of tourism (Richter and Waugh, 1986, p. 320) (Ritcher 1994), agrees with Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, stating that the purpose for tourism policies differs from one destination to the other as, for example, in some countries tourism has purposely been directed toward increased immigration in hope that visitors will become residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulating of investment to increase national wealth according to the same authors it is agreed that excessive tourism growth may demand revision of policies; conservation policies pertaining to environment, policies for land use are some examples sustainable policies. Governments of nations, provinces, states and communities have the choice of doing nothing or doing something constructive about public tourism policies. (Lamb and Davison 1996) Furthermore, developing countries are often anxious to plan but unable to governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this cannot be done by a macro-or national-level approach(Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy 2001).With reference to Turkey, as tourist destination, Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy, confirm Stifels definition of planning, stating that an over-centralization of tourism planning and poor administrative practices and policies formulation have failed to promote common good of the society, because government reticence and negligence to considering regional and local conditions. Finally according to Clare A. Gunn, Turgut Var, 2002, governments have not only the capacity but also the responsibility of creating, implementing and reviewing policies that plan tourism. [6] According to the same authors, tourism planners need to look into three main aspects, namely, economic, socio-cultural and environmental, when planning for tourism projects for particular destinations. Comprehensive planning process and judicious formulation of policies will surmount barriers to tourism planning in each tourist destination area and lead to sustainable development. Conclusion, empirical evidence through the world clearly shows that the model destinations for successful tourism are those that have embraced the tourism-planning concept (Mill and Morisson 1997). Barriers to tourism development Sustainable Tourism if tourism is to be truly beneficial to all concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and sustainable in the long-term, it must be ensured that resources are not over-consumed, that natural and human environments are protected, that tourism is integrated with other activities, that it provides real benefits to the local communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that local people are involved and included in tourism planning and implementation, and that cultures and people are respected. (Eber, 1992). The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Developing indicators for sustainable tourism The most significant attempt so far to develop indicators of sustainable tourism has been undertaken by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) through its Environment Task Force (Dymond, 1997; Manning Dougherty, 1995; Manning et al., 1996). [9] Manning et al. consider that the main purpose of the WTO, in identifying eleven international acceptable sustainable tourism core indicators is to assist planners and decision makers in their tasks. Figure 1 presents core indicators of sustainable tourism (WTO) However, L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, contested that the above framework has its limitations. It is observed that though, the above indicators represent a wise attempt towards sustainable tourism development, no provision has been made for guiding stakeholders in the implementation of same; that is, converting indicator results into management action. Furthermore Laws et al., state that each destination is unique and thus has to consider the destination local characteristics and its own dynamics that may influence sustainable tourism indicators. Policy makers should understand that there is no generic model for several destinations, but indeed policies have to be tailor made according to destination particulars. Moreover, it is of vital importance to review policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time; current policy may not be adequate for dealing with future problems in the same destination. (Laws et al., 1998:9) [10] According L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, Samoas Sustainable Tourism Status Report 2000, is a good example an effective planning tool which assisted Saoma Visitors Bureau in developing appropriate action plans and tourism awareness programmes consequently. Figure 2, is an adapted model of Saomas effective planning and monitoring system for sustainable tourism development, which will be used to assessing planning process in Grand Baie. Theoretical framework for sustainable planning Figure 2 planning process, Source: adapted from L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002 Stage 1. Project Design/ Study preparation Stage 7.Review and improve monitoring system Stage 6. Implement action plan and communicate results to Stakeholders Stage 2. Scope issues formulate Goals objectives Stage 5 plan Action formulation Stage 3. Survey / Develop and screen indicators Stage 4. . Analysis and Synthesis Applying L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, model on research planning in Grand Baie: Stage 1: Design and study preparation; at this stage there is the need to take decisions for planning, that is to be involved in planning process, (residents, NGOs, Government, District council, local business owners, tourism authority, beach authority; private and public sectors). Define roles and responsibilities of each and every one, getting all stakeholders involved in the project in order to write the study project terms of reference and organize the project. Stage 2: Determine goals and objectives; goals and objective of the development programme are decided, but these are subject to changes and modification. For example, developing alternative forms of tourism in Grand Baie, promoting community-based tourism and cultural tourism (social exchange theory) developing environmental protection programmes for the area, educating tourist and residents towards responsible tourism, improving security having a planning framework adapted to Gran Baie needs, hence designing policies that will regulate tourism activities of the region. Stage 3: Survey and core indicators for the region of Grand Baie; undertake surveys and have an inventory of the existing situation. Grand Baie is known for its; safe lagoon, beautiful beaches, people (hospitality), its tropical climate, shopping facilities, restaurants, beach resorts and peripheries rich in culture and traditions. All of these elements should be given great consideration when planning for tourism. Each destination has its unique characteristics and dynamic context. Survey can also be used to study residents reaction pertaining to tourism, in their locality. Moreover can assist planners establish baseline for sustainable development in Brand Baie. Stage 4: Analysis and Synthesis; once baseline information are collected they need to be analised in order to have the basis for the plan. Feedback received from locals and different stakeholders will help to design policies that will ensure smooth implementation of planning. Stage 5: Action plan formulation: formulation and design of plan will be based on preparation and evaluation of alternative policies. Generally planning is conducted at all levels, from individual to comprehensive planning. (Inskeep, 2000), argue that tourism planning applies same concepts and approach of general planning; however, it is adapted to the particular characteristic tourism system. In this context action plan for Grand Baie, is at local level and should be tailor made. Consequently planners will have to possess strong element of predictability and appropriate skills in attempting to envision the future. Stage 67: Implementation and Monitoring: the plan will be implemented in Grand Baie using different techniques. Policies are here as guidelines to implement plans but above all effective communication among stakeholders is vital. The risk of failure is lower when recommendations are addressed to all stakeholders. Environmental policies for sustainable development, e.g. EIA, has been established by the Government, but the extent to which it is been fully observed are debatable when looking at actual situation in Grand Baie. Hence, it is important to monitor progress in implementing the plan and evaluate the success of the plan in meeting its goals and objectives on a regular basis. Plans generally need to be adjusted over time due to changing goals, changing market conditions, and unexpected impacts. Although the monitoring project is still ongoing and its long-term implications for the sustainability of tourism in Samoa are far from clear, several important lessons can be noted from the Samoa example: the importance of formulating clear objectives before trying to identify indicators, the value of establishing a multi-disciplinary advisory panel, and the necessity of designing an effective and flexible implementation framework for converting indicator results into management action. (L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) [11] According to L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, stakeholders need to consider space and time-specific issues related to tourism development. Local involvement should be from early stages of development that is, planning and decisions making, to implementation. In fact STD needs to be broadening from critical issues currently facing destination. Tourist Area Life Cycle / Application in Grand Baie Mauritius has experienced significant levels of growth in tourism over the last 30 years. As a result, tourism is now the largest economic activity of the island and many coastal resorts have been developed. Although the island has undergone significant changes between the early arrivals of tourists and today, there is a remarkable negligence of research towards these changes. The stages of Butlers Area Life cycle model will thus be reviewed and tested on Grand Baie, to present the life cycle stage of the destination. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product. The shape of the TALC may vary from one destination to another, however it will depend upon factors such as; rate of development, access, government policy, and market trend. The TALC model is a framework to understand how a destination and its market evolve, through stages of launch, development, maturity and decline. Figure 3: Butlers Destination Lifecycle Model Adapted from (keyser, 2002) According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents attitudes towards tourism. Exploration stage During the early discovery stage of the cycle a small number of unobtrusive visitors arrive seeking unspoiled destinations. These early explorer tourists generally speak the language and identify with the local culture. The social impact in this stage is generally small and resident attitudes are fairly positive towards tourism. Like most products, destinations have a lifecycle. In his 1980 article, Butler proposed a widely-accepted model of the lifecycle of a tourist destination. The basic idea of Butlers 1980 Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model is that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge. This is the case for Grand Baie which was first known as a fishing village and which economy mainly derived from agriculture (sugar cane). Soon adventurers will get to know about the remoteness and exotic beaches, beryl water and the bay that is deeply sheltered. Visitors and host encounter is high but yet the desire for the destination to remain unchained by tourism prevails. At this stage Grand Baie had limited accessibility to the area and lacked of facilities to cater for more tourists. According to Butler 1980, at the involvement stage, local community has to decide whether they wish to encourage tourism and if so, the type and scale of tourism they prefer. Through word of mouth tourists interest to visit the coastal region increases. The residents of Grand Baie will soon realize the possible potential for economic benefits. The willingness to encourage tourism is shared among locals who will cater for the basic needs of visitors. Much effort is being done to advertise the region and attract more tourists. Such a coastal region as Grand baie will inevitably generates mass tourism, due to its fabulous beaches and local attractiveness. Moreover Grand Baie was cheap destination for visitors due to the foreign exchange currency rate. But unfortunately, the thrill of tourism will make population and stakeholders to neglect some important aspects such as sustainable principles; limits on carrying capacity and elements of predictability. At this stage pressure is placed o n public sector for infrastructure and regulatory bodies. Development stage In the early 80,s Grand Baie will know an increase in tourism growth which will force the destination to the next stage of Development mentioned by Butler in 1980. Grand Baie is well known worldwide and demand for the destination has increased considerably. The fishing village has vanished and is now known to be the Tourist Village. Residents in Grand Baie find themselves limited in terms of knowhow and resources to meet the needs of the visitors. Control shifts from locals to big investors from outside the region and public authority to provide expertise, products and services. Massive investment and development took place and soon Grand Baie became a tourist hub. Tourism impacts are increasing with the emerging tourism activities in the area. Natural areas are cleared away giving place to Hotels namely; the Canonnier, the Royal Palm, the Mauricia and the Verenda. All sorts of beach and sea activities are put forward to give visitors a unique experience. At this stage the changing nature of tourism is altered and the very nature of the resort and quality declined through problems of overused and deterioration of natural and manmade resources. Improper planning for Grand Baie is making development to be detrimental. Contact between tourists and local is high impacting on the lives of those involved in tourism. Locals tend to adjust their way of living to accommodate the changing economic structure. For example, women start working in hotels at odd hours, practice which was long ago seen as taboo. Some of the major influences are the effects of westernization, the eating pattern and gender in the form of employer. The public authority becomes involved through infrastructure provision, road access facilities, improving communication network, educational and leisure facilities. At this critical stage it is highly recommended to undertake analysis on the actual situation, to review action plan and monitoring system to ensure sustainability of tourism in Grand Baie. Actually much effort is placed on implementing policies at a national level, relating to environmental protection in order to comply with international policies, but on the other hand very little is being done in terms of security, destination management at peak seasons, social stability and distribution of wealth. If the day, tourism is undeniable, the nocturnal activity of Grand Baie is full. The nightclubs and bars take over the beaches and natural sites visited in the morning. These popular places with night owls are constantly crowded and joyful atmosphere is palpable at any time until the end of the night, and more specifically, the Banana Cafe, a must in addition to being the biggest club in the Grand Baie Village. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dre_Lee 31 May 2010 Positive Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) The destination grows in popularity Expansion of service and facilities Development of new service and infrastructure Economic growth Employment Better quality of living Negative Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) Decline in local community Natural and built suffers from wear and tear Conflict between local population and tourism Region loose authenticity Loss of Culture, Beliefs, and Values Increase in cost of living Degradation of the Environment Exceeding carrying capacity Prostitution Increase in crime rate Consolidation Stage At Consolidation stage, also known as critical range of elements capacity, tourist number will continue to rise in Grand Baie and the destination becomes dependent on tourism. More promotional and advertising efforts are undertaken in many different ways to maintain existing market and attract new ones. Lots of money is being injected in research and development. There is more pressure on the environment, where tourist number may exceed destination population. The manner resources have been managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle will determine the degree of impact and future of the destination. The tourist-relationship is converted into one of business as the novelty of new visitor arrivals declines. The more culturally sensitive explorers move on to new unspoiled areas and are replaced by the mass market. The local authorities and all stakeholders should, through sustainable tourism planning, consider and anticipate actions in order to mitigate tourism impacts. Stagnation Stage Stagnation is the stage where carrying capacity of many relevant factors is reached. Social, economic and environmental problem arise. Social instability that may lead to riots for instance, local people feeling like strangers in their home community, they realize that they have lost their culture, values and norms and that crime rate has increase to such a point that one does not feel secured anymore. Cost of living being too high makes it practically impossible to have a decent life. Those who are rich become even richer while the poor people become poorer. Land becomes scarce and a rise in demand make for land makes a rise in price. Failing to develop further development due to lack of space (land) for these new tourism developments and products, unemployment rate increases. Local people perception changes and local people no longer show interest in tourism sector and indeed think how to spoil new proposed projects. Decline and/or Rejuvenation stage Decline, the area of Grand Baie will not be able to compete with newer attractions, faces a declining market. Falling profits lead to foreign-owned businesses withdrawing and the community is left to pick up the pieces. Unless resources have been effectively managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle then only Rejuvenation is possible. It is important to deal effectively with demand and supply. Professional should work in close collaboration with local community and keep in mind that the development plan should be developed and implemented at same pace to the progress of the community. The supportive attitude of the locals is the bottom line for the success of tourism development. If issues are not resolved this results in a severe drop in tourist number. That is why stakeholders need to increase marketing and promotional efforts. New market strategies develop in line with the re-structure of the tourism industry. It is also important to educate the local community and create awareness of the tourism activity. Training and development empowers the local people to better serve the industry and benefit from the advantages generated by the tourism sector. Corporate Social Responsibility is a very good attempt to mitigate negative social economic impacts. Residents are more willing to become stakeholder of tourism development when such development is a positive force for environmental conservation and for social/cultural enhancement. Moreover, Environmental Impacts Assessment has to be conducted prior to each development plan for sustainable development. Conclusion Tourism is becoming, more than ever, sensitive to and dependent on a high-quality sustainable environment (Eccles 1995; Ing 1995; Nelson, Butler, and Wells 1993). The authors mean that development plan should seek to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality. Planning should be in respect to the environment for the industry to sustain and keep market competitiveness. Basically approaches to sustainable destination development should look into; formulating development policy and strategies on uniqueness of natural and cultural attraction for the destination, considering physical, biological and psychological carrying capacity, developing alternative forms of tourism that will create linkage with other economic sectors, reviewing national, regional local framework policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time, planners to be concern with all stakeholders in the community, hence, developing a product that sits in harmony with local enviro nment. According to ((L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) Saoma has known a successful and revitalized torism industry due to its effective planning and monitoring system, framework for sustainable tourism development. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product, that is, all destinations is bound to reach some point of stagnation and decline where signs of negative impacts become apparent. Destination will rejuvenate only if sustainable management practices have been considered at early stage of development. Harrison, in his research, notes that Swaziland (in the context of life cycle), underwent rapid growth in the British colonial period but has since decline rapidly due to bad planning. Planners and decision-makers should possess predictable skills to anticipate problems before they happen and take preventive actions rather than curative ones. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (1989), sustainable tourism is defined as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. However, (Salah S. Hassan 2000) added that using the bes t planning and development effort, a destination cannot grow or revitalize unless it can provide a high level of health care, safety and security for tourists. Finally, development is ongoing and further research is required to monitor the evolution of any tourist destination and evaluate underlying policies. Some obstacles remain and new ones may be confronted so that the future is not without formidable challenges. For destinations to sustain their competitive advantage