Explain how schooling and earnings are related and how a Mincer Essay

Explain how schooling and earnings are related and how a Mincer function estimates the rate of return to schooling. What problem - Essay Example This premium has increased since the 1970s. It means that the employers in different sectors value workers who are more educated (Steve, 2006). The set of abilities and skills that different individuals bring to the market is called human capital. Schooling is an investment in the human capital. This is so because it delivers skills that are specialized and boosts the productivity of workers. As a result, levels of education that are higher generally lead to an increased power of earning (Boniface, 1999). Different researches have been able to show that each year one spends in school improves their annual earning by ten per cent (Melvin, 1991). However, one should way the options of attending work to furthering their education. This choice is called the â€Å"opportunity cost† or the true price of education. A person who seeks to maximize his future earnings should choose remaining in school to learn more if only the long-run payout in an additional year in school is able to s urpass the opportunity cost (Vade, 2012). The impact caused by schooling on the different levels of earning carries a significant weight for the decision making of persons as well as the policy makers. With the theories of education and earning in the United Kingdom and the averaged ten per cent return rate annually, schooling represents among the finest investment any given government can make for the period of financial limitations and scarce resources. Through subsidizing education, the policy creators are able to ensure that education is more affordable and more accessible. It is argued that investment in the sector of education is a sure way for good result of an economy and the standard of living for the people who have low incomes. (Ruben, 1999). The Wage-schooling locus is a theory based on the total amount of earnings that different firms are ready to pay their employees for a given level of schooling. According to the theory, different workers with different educational le vel have different amount of salaries (Helen, 2005). The more one is educated the more his or her salary per annum. There are certain properties that a wage-schooling locus has. The locus slopes upwards. The upward sloping curve shows that more education is needed in the market and an increase in the level of education has an increasing effect on the salaries of employees (Jackson, 1997). This curve indicates an earnings increase associated with one year additional of education. The wage-schooling locus curve is concave. This indicates that there is a diminishing rate of return to the accumulation of human capital. Each additional year of education yields less knowledge increase and a lower additional earning compared to previous years (Else, 1999). A year increase in education leads to an increase in salaries but at a reducing rate. The wage-schooling locus indicates the salary which a worker would get after completing a certain level of education (Reuben, 1990). If this worker wer e a high school graduate, he or she would earn $ 21,000 in a year. If the worker advances his or her education for one year in college, his or her returns will increase to $ 24,000, according to this graph. Dollars 24,000 21,000 12 13 14 Years of schooling Mincer function Mincer was able to come up with an earning natural logarithm model. This model is a function of the education years and the years of the

Analysis of Family Guy Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Family Guy Essay Back in the eighth grade at the Pierce elementary school, a few of my friends and I sat around the circular lunch room tables, the same ones where we sat every day of the year. Our discussion shifted to our favorite TV. shows. At the time, I was a big Simpsons fan and I didnt really watch too many other shows regularly. We would go around blurting out funny lines and quotes from our favorite episodes or recall hilarious incidents. This was when two of my friends were talking about this show Family Guy. Even though I had never seen it, I could tell from their impersonations that it was a funny show. It had the same general theme as The Simpson, but had even crazier and funnier plots and adventures. When I finally saw my first episode in ninth grade, it was an instant classic in my list of favorite shows. From then on I would watch it as mush as it was on and I even got a collection of DVDs which I watch regularly. This show goes into the life of an average family in Rhode Island. The characters include a mother and father, three children including two awkward and socially challenged teenagers and a talking baby, as well as the talking family dog. It makes fun of things we do every day that may not seem stupid, but really they are unnecessary and pointless. This show is filled with hilarious flash backs to past events, and includes lots of sarcasm as well as some dumb comments and actions by the unintelligent father, Peter. One of my favorite episodes is Pre-Retarded, where Peter finds out hes retarded and goes around doing stupid, but hilarious things. He wins a game of Trivial Pursuit because his wife gave him ridiculously easy questions from the childrens version including What color are fire trucks? Peter struggles, but eventually gets it right and wins the game, convincing himself that hes a genius. When he takes the test, he finds out that not only is he not a genius, hes actually mentally retarded so he bulldozes the house in celebration. This episode is similar, but better than the rest of the episodes, because the plot is typical, but it is filled with more funny comments and random instances. Although this show may seem just like a basic comedy, meant to entertain children, it is really targeted at teens and young adults. The comedy makes fun of other stereotypes and gets away with things that may be considered racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, and homophobic. It portrays these groups of people in the way they are supposed to be seen in society, but shows that the stereotypes arent true, by making the stereotypes seem stupid and exaggerated. In another episode when they are trying to get away from a bunch of southerners, the dog, Brian screams Look, its a newly-married, interracial, gay couple burning the American flag. It shows how ridiculous they look when they all scream, Oh lets getem!, and this way it makes fun of the stereotypes against southerners, and the group of people described in his remark, because the people would never actually do this. The reason I like Family Guy is because it is really one of the funniest, and most genius shows on television. The writers of the show are very intelligent, and smart about what they write. Although this show is hilariously funny, that is just one of its good qualities. It also sends an important ideas about how people are supposed to be seen, and tells us that stereotypes arent always true. It makes fun of average things and has long awkward pauses to show how funny our daily routines can be. Although this show may be offensive to some, I believe it is all in good humor. I am Jewish and in some episodes they do make fun of Jews reinforcing the stereotypes, that all Jews are rich accountants, lawyers, or doctors. This is just to make a point, and the writers do not really believe the things they show, because they exaggerate the stereotypes to make them look silly. In a way, this show is a lot like me. On the outside I really enjoy comedies, and basic entertainment that I can laugh about. There are also real issues that are important to me, and other things in my life that I care about besides just humor. This show is very provocative, but I believe it to be very funny as well as important, even if others may not share these same views. This program shows that I am a caring person and I am aware of the realities in life. Like Family Guy, I may be funny and joking on the outside, but we both go deeper on the inside.

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry In todays rapidly changing business environments it is an essential activity for every destination, to prevent disturbance in tourism. Mill and Morrison, (1998). The author, say that a destination is highly influenced by the wide-range effects of tourism, it is therefore vital to plan for any development. According to J. C. Henderson, (2005), many researchers have approached the issue on tourism planning and policies through different perspectives; the temporal and spatial evolution of destinations the impacts of development, government growth policies, planning imperatives, marketing issues and topics studied. On top of that, the same author makes reference to the various opinions of different authors who make mentioned about the essential factors that would encourage tourism development at a particular destination Critical influences relate to accessibility (Prideaux, 2000), attraction and amenity standards (Gunn, 2004), awareness and positive images (Johns and Mattson, 2005) associated with promotion and marketing (Buhalis, 2000), a supportive government (Weaver and Lawton, 2002) and a peaceful and stable environment (Poirier, 1997). Planning approach tourism planning is defined as a comprehensive, coordinated and continuing processthat promote the common good of society According to (Stifel, 1990), society benefits and welfare should be the main focus of all stakeholders involved in decisions making pertaining to any tourism development. Moreover, tourism planning has been defined as a process based on research and evaluation, which seeks to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality, (Tosun and Jenkins, 1998). In the above statement, Tosun and Jenkins, agree with Stifle stating that human welfare is indeed to be considered while planning for tourism development and on top of it argued that tourism should not only look into tourists numbers and economic gain, but such development should be environmentally sound. Importance of Tourism linkage However, planning requires the integration of the tourism industry into other sectorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Timothy, (1999). Timothy argues that tourism cannot operate on its own, (as it is environmentally dependant) and rely on other sectors of the economy, such as; agriculture, industry and transportation, to exist. There is the need to create linkage. According to Nikolaos Karangiannis 2003, lack of an overall integrated policy has limited the contribution of tourism growth to the countrys socio-economic development.[15] Therefore the author mentions that the need to formulae policies for economic restructuring and diversification was eminent. The government in Jamaica decides therefore, to create linkage between tourism, commodity production sectors, and complementary and related services in order to rejuvenate the industry, increase economic gain and competitiveness. Tourism Planning and policies Authorities have a vital role and public investment and implementation of pro-tourism policies can help in ensuring that such circumstances do prevail. (Joan C. Henderson, 2006) Government policy is about influencing the way people utilize their resources and the way they relate to each other (within and across state and national boundaries) and their environment. (Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002) state that special competencies are required to understand the functioning of tourism and to formulate policies. They added policies, planning and development is at any scale, from national to local and their purpose and reasons differs from one destination to another. (Taylor 1994), government holds the responsibility for research and guideline development, especially in three areas: travel markets, existing and potential; tourism physical plant; linkages between market needs and physical and physical plant development. Further arguments, by Clare (A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002), stated that although government intervention is important to control impact of fragmented development on the environment and society, it has also been observed that capitalistic countries which adopt a laissez-Faire tourism policy by private sector, has very little government intervention. The belief that political serenity, not scenic or cultural attractions, constitutes the first and central requirement of tourism (Richter and Waugh, 1986, p. 320) (Ritcher 1994), agrees with Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, stating that the purpose for tourism policies differs from one destination to the other as, for example, in some countries tourism has purposely been directed toward increased immigration in hope that visitors will become residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulating of investment to increase national wealth according to the same authors it is agreed that excessive tourism growth may demand revision of policies; conservation policies pertaining to environment, policies for land use are some examples sustainable policies. Governments of nations, provinces, states and communities have the choice of doing nothing or doing something constructive about public tourism policies. (Lamb and Davison 1996) Furthermore, developing countries are often anxious to plan but unable to governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this cannot be done by a macro-or national-level approach(Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy 2001).With reference to Turkey, as tourist destination, Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy, confirm Stifels definition of planning, stating that an over-centralization of tourism planning and poor administrative practices and policies formulation have failed to promote common good of the society, because government reticence and negligence to considering regional and local conditions. Finally according to Clare A. Gunn, Turgut Var, 2002, governments have not only the capacity but also the responsibility of creating, implementing and reviewing policies that plan tourism. [6] According to the same authors, tourism planners need to look into three main aspects, namely, economic, socio-cultural and environmental, when planning for tourism projects for particular destinations. Comprehensive planning process and judicious formulation of policies will surmount barriers to tourism planning in each tourist destination area and lead to sustainable development. Conclusion, empirical evidence through the world clearly shows that the model destinations for successful tourism are those that have embraced the tourism-planning concept (Mill and Morisson 1997). Barriers to tourism development Sustainable Tourism if tourism is to be truly beneficial to all concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and sustainable in the long-term, it must be ensured that resources are not over-consumed, that natural and human environments are protected, that tourism is integrated with other activities, that it provides real benefits to the local communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that local people are involved and included in tourism planning and implementation, and that cultures and people are respected. (Eber, 1992). The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Developing indicators for sustainable tourism The most significant attempt so far to develop indicators of sustainable tourism has been undertaken by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) through its Environment Task Force (Dymond, 1997; Manning Dougherty, 1995; Manning et al., 1996). [9] Manning et al. consider that the main purpose of the WTO, in identifying eleven international acceptable sustainable tourism core indicators is to assist planners and decision makers in their tasks. Figure 1 presents core indicators of sustainable tourism (WTO) However, L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, contested that the above framework has its limitations. It is observed that though, the above indicators represent a wise attempt towards sustainable tourism development, no provision has been made for guiding stakeholders in the implementation of same; that is, converting indicator results into management action. Furthermore Laws et al., state that each destination is unique and thus has to consider the destination local characteristics and its own dynamics that may influence sustainable tourism indicators. Policy makers should understand that there is no generic model for several destinations, but indeed policies have to be tailor made according to destination particulars. Moreover, it is of vital importance to review policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time; current policy may not be adequate for dealing with future problems in the same destination. (Laws et al., 1998:9) [10] According L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, Samoas Sustainable Tourism Status Report 2000, is a good example an effective planning tool which assisted Saoma Visitors Bureau in developing appropriate action plans and tourism awareness programmes consequently. Figure 2, is an adapted model of Saomas effective planning and monitoring system for sustainable tourism development, which will be used to assessing planning process in Grand Baie. Theoretical framework for sustainable planning Figure 2 planning process, Source: adapted from L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002 Stage 1. Project Design/ Study preparation Stage 7.Review and improve monitoring system Stage 6. Implement action plan and communicate results to Stakeholders Stage 2. Scope issues formulate Goals objectives Stage 5 plan Action formulation Stage 3. Survey / Develop and screen indicators Stage 4. . Analysis and Synthesis Applying L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, model on research planning in Grand Baie: Stage 1: Design and study preparation; at this stage there is the need to take decisions for planning, that is to be involved in planning process, (residents, NGOs, Government, District council, local business owners, tourism authority, beach authority; private and public sectors). Define roles and responsibilities of each and every one, getting all stakeholders involved in the project in order to write the study project terms of reference and organize the project. Stage 2: Determine goals and objectives; goals and objective of the development programme are decided, but these are subject to changes and modification. For example, developing alternative forms of tourism in Grand Baie, promoting community-based tourism and cultural tourism (social exchange theory) developing environmental protection programmes for the area, educating tourist and residents towards responsible tourism, improving security having a planning framework adapted to Gran Baie needs, hence designing policies that will regulate tourism activities of the region. Stage 3: Survey and core indicators for the region of Grand Baie; undertake surveys and have an inventory of the existing situation. Grand Baie is known for its; safe lagoon, beautiful beaches, people (hospitality), its tropical climate, shopping facilities, restaurants, beach resorts and peripheries rich in culture and traditions. All of these elements should be given great consideration when planning for tourism. Each destination has its unique characteristics and dynamic context. Survey can also be used to study residents reaction pertaining to tourism, in their locality. Moreover can assist planners establish baseline for sustainable development in Brand Baie. Stage 4: Analysis and Synthesis; once baseline information are collected they need to be analised in order to have the basis for the plan. Feedback received from locals and different stakeholders will help to design policies that will ensure smooth implementation of planning. Stage 5: Action plan formulation: formulation and design of plan will be based on preparation and evaluation of alternative policies. Generally planning is conducted at all levels, from individual to comprehensive planning. (Inskeep, 2000), argue that tourism planning applies same concepts and approach of general planning; however, it is adapted to the particular characteristic tourism system. In this context action plan for Grand Baie, is at local level and should be tailor made. Consequently planners will have to possess strong element of predictability and appropriate skills in attempting to envision the future. Stage 67: Implementation and Monitoring: the plan will be implemented in Grand Baie using different techniques. Policies are here as guidelines to implement plans but above all effective communication among stakeholders is vital. The risk of failure is lower when recommendations are addressed to all stakeholders. Environmental policies for sustainable development, e.g. EIA, has been established by the Government, but the extent to which it is been fully observed are debatable when looking at actual situation in Grand Baie. Hence, it is important to monitor progress in implementing the plan and evaluate the success of the plan in meeting its goals and objectives on a regular basis. Plans generally need to be adjusted over time due to changing goals, changing market conditions, and unexpected impacts. Although the monitoring project is still ongoing and its long-term implications for the sustainability of tourism in Samoa are far from clear, several important lessons can be noted from the Samoa example: the importance of formulating clear objectives before trying to identify indicators, the value of establishing a multi-disciplinary advisory panel, and the necessity of designing an effective and flexible implementation framework for converting indicator results into management action. (L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) [11] According to L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, stakeholders need to consider space and time-specific issues related to tourism development. Local involvement should be from early stages of development that is, planning and decisions making, to implementation. In fact STD needs to be broadening from critical issues currently facing destination. Tourist Area Life Cycle / Application in Grand Baie Mauritius has experienced significant levels of growth in tourism over the last 30 years. As a result, tourism is now the largest economic activity of the island and many coastal resorts have been developed. Although the island has undergone significant changes between the early arrivals of tourists and today, there is a remarkable negligence of research towards these changes. The stages of Butlers Area Life cycle model will thus be reviewed and tested on Grand Baie, to present the life cycle stage of the destination. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product. The shape of the TALC may vary from one destination to another, however it will depend upon factors such as; rate of development, access, government policy, and market trend. The TALC model is a framework to understand how a destination and its market evolve, through stages of launch, development, maturity and decline. Figure 3: Butlers Destination Lifecycle Model Adapted from (keyser, 2002) According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents attitudes towards tourism. Exploration stage During the early discovery stage of the cycle a small number of unobtrusive visitors arrive seeking unspoiled destinations. These early explorer tourists generally speak the language and identify with the local culture. The social impact in this stage is generally small and resident attitudes are fairly positive towards tourism. Like most products, destinations have a lifecycle. In his 1980 article, Butler proposed a widely-accepted model of the lifecycle of a tourist destination. The basic idea of Butlers 1980 Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model is that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge. This is the case for Grand Baie which was first known as a fishing village and which economy mainly derived from agriculture (sugar cane). Soon adventurers will get to know about the remoteness and exotic beaches, beryl water and the bay that is deeply sheltered. Visitors and host encounter is high but yet the desire for the destination to remain unchained by tourism prevails. At this stage Grand Baie had limited accessibility to the area and lacked of facilities to cater for more tourists. According to Butler 1980, at the involvement stage, local community has to decide whether they wish to encourage tourism and if so, the type and scale of tourism they prefer. Through word of mouth tourists interest to visit the coastal region increases. The residents of Grand Baie will soon realize the possible potential for economic benefits. The willingness to encourage tourism is shared among locals who will cater for the basic needs of visitors. Much effort is being done to advertise the region and attract more tourists. Such a coastal region as Grand baie will inevitably generates mass tourism, due to its fabulous beaches and local attractiveness. Moreover Grand Baie was cheap destination for visitors due to the foreign exchange currency rate. But unfortunately, the thrill of tourism will make population and stakeholders to neglect some important aspects such as sustainable principles; limits on carrying capacity and elements of predictability. At this stage pressure is placed o n public sector for infrastructure and regulatory bodies. Development stage In the early 80,s Grand Baie will know an increase in tourism growth which will force the destination to the next stage of Development mentioned by Butler in 1980. Grand Baie is well known worldwide and demand for the destination has increased considerably. The fishing village has vanished and is now known to be the Tourist Village. Residents in Grand Baie find themselves limited in terms of knowhow and resources to meet the needs of the visitors. Control shifts from locals to big investors from outside the region and public authority to provide expertise, products and services. Massive investment and development took place and soon Grand Baie became a tourist hub. Tourism impacts are increasing with the emerging tourism activities in the area. Natural areas are cleared away giving place to Hotels namely; the Canonnier, the Royal Palm, the Mauricia and the Verenda. All sorts of beach and sea activities are put forward to give visitors a unique experience. At this stage the changing nature of tourism is altered and the very nature of the resort and quality declined through problems of overused and deterioration of natural and manmade resources. Improper planning for Grand Baie is making development to be detrimental. Contact between tourists and local is high impacting on the lives of those involved in tourism. Locals tend to adjust their way of living to accommodate the changing economic structure. For example, women start working in hotels at odd hours, practice which was long ago seen as taboo. Some of the major influences are the effects of westernization, the eating pattern and gender in the form of employer. The public authority becomes involved through infrastructure provision, road access facilities, improving communication network, educational and leisure facilities. At this critical stage it is highly recommended to undertake analysis on the actual situation, to review action plan and monitoring system to ensure sustainability of tourism in Grand Baie. Actually much effort is placed on implementing policies at a national level, relating to environmental protection in order to comply with international policies, but on the other hand very little is being done in terms of security, destination management at peak seasons, social stability and distribution of wealth. If the day, tourism is undeniable, the nocturnal activity of Grand Baie is full. The nightclubs and bars take over the beaches and natural sites visited in the morning. These popular places with night owls are constantly crowded and joyful atmosphere is palpable at any time until the end of the night, and more specifically, the Banana Cafe, a must in addition to being the biggest club in the Grand Baie Village. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dre_Lee 31 May 2010 Positive Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) The destination grows in popularity Expansion of service and facilities Development of new service and infrastructure Economic growth Employment Better quality of living Negative Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) Decline in local community Natural and built suffers from wear and tear Conflict between local population and tourism Region loose authenticity Loss of Culture, Beliefs, and Values Increase in cost of living Degradation of the Environment Exceeding carrying capacity Prostitution Increase in crime rate Consolidation Stage At Consolidation stage, also known as critical range of elements capacity, tourist number will continue to rise in Grand Baie and the destination becomes dependent on tourism. More promotional and advertising efforts are undertaken in many different ways to maintain existing market and attract new ones. Lots of money is being injected in research and development. There is more pressure on the environment, where tourist number may exceed destination population. The manner resources have been managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle will determine the degree of impact and future of the destination. The tourist-relationship is converted into one of business as the novelty of new visitor arrivals declines. The more culturally sensitive explorers move on to new unspoiled areas and are replaced by the mass market. The local authorities and all stakeholders should, through sustainable tourism planning, consider and anticipate actions in order to mitigate tourism impacts. Stagnation Stage Stagnation is the stage where carrying capacity of many relevant factors is reached. Social, economic and environmental problem arise. Social instability that may lead to riots for instance, local people feeling like strangers in their home community, they realize that they have lost their culture, values and norms and that crime rate has increase to such a point that one does not feel secured anymore. Cost of living being too high makes it practically impossible to have a decent life. Those who are rich become even richer while the poor people become poorer. Land becomes scarce and a rise in demand make for land makes a rise in price. Failing to develop further development due to lack of space (land) for these new tourism developments and products, unemployment rate increases. Local people perception changes and local people no longer show interest in tourism sector and indeed think how to spoil new proposed projects. Decline and/or Rejuvenation stage Decline, the area of Grand Baie will not be able to compete with newer attractions, faces a declining market. Falling profits lead to foreign-owned businesses withdrawing and the community is left to pick up the pieces. Unless resources have been effectively managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle then only Rejuvenation is possible. It is important to deal effectively with demand and supply. Professional should work in close collaboration with local community and keep in mind that the development plan should be developed and implemented at same pace to the progress of the community. The supportive attitude of the locals is the bottom line for the success of tourism development. If issues are not resolved this results in a severe drop in tourist number. That is why stakeholders need to increase marketing and promotional efforts. New market strategies develop in line with the re-structure of the tourism industry. It is also important to educate the local community and create awareness of the tourism activity. Training and development empowers the local people to better serve the industry and benefit from the advantages generated by the tourism sector. Corporate Social Responsibility is a very good attempt to mitigate negative social economic impacts. Residents are more willing to become stakeholder of tourism development when such development is a positive force for environmental conservation and for social/cultural enhancement. Moreover, Environmental Impacts Assessment has to be conducted prior to each development plan for sustainable development. Conclusion Tourism is becoming, more than ever, sensitive to and dependent on a high-quality sustainable environment (Eccles 1995; Ing 1995; Nelson, Butler, and Wells 1993). The authors mean that development plan should seek to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality. Planning should be in respect to the environment for the industry to sustain and keep market competitiveness. Basically approaches to sustainable destination development should look into; formulating development policy and strategies on uniqueness of natural and cultural attraction for the destination, considering physical, biological and psychological carrying capacity, developing alternative forms of tourism that will create linkage with other economic sectors, reviewing national, regional local framework policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time, planners to be concern with all stakeholders in the community, hence, developing a product that sits in harmony with local enviro nment. According to ((L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) Saoma has known a successful and revitalized torism industry due to its effective planning and monitoring system, framework for sustainable tourism development. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product, that is, all destinations is bound to reach some point of stagnation and decline where signs of negative impacts become apparent. Destination will rejuvenate only if sustainable management practices have been considered at early stage of development. Harrison, in his research, notes that Swaziland (in the context of life cycle), underwent rapid growth in the British colonial period but has since decline rapidly due to bad planning. Planners and decision-makers should possess predictable skills to anticipate problems before they happen and take preventive actions rather than curative ones. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (1989), sustainable tourism is defined as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. However, (Salah S. Hassan 2000) added that using the bes t planning and development effort, a destination cannot grow or revitalize unless it can provide a high level of health care, safety and security for tourists. Finally, development is ongoing and further research is required to monitor the evolution of any tourist destination and evaluate underlying policies. Some obstacles remain and new ones may be confronted so that the future is not without formidable challenges. For destinations to sustain their competitive advantage

Ethical Norms of Medical Research Essay -- Pharmaceutical Industry, Br

Branding, according to Parry, is to create a new thinking of the product to customers in the unique way so that the product can compete to others. And, in the pharmaceutical industry, branding is not only creating the new thinking of product, but also defining the best treatment for particular condition. If done so, the condition branding has numerous benefits because it creates consensus internally and externally. Internal consensus which is the activities focus on the problem and solution between brand managers and clinic so that the product can be maximized investment. Beside that, external consensus creates the better relationship between the owner and the clinical community to approach therapeutics (1). However, Fishman argued that branding leads to good sales and profits because the clinical trial researchers are position themselves as mediator between producers, pharmaceutical companies, and consumer, that are clinicians and patients, and they act like experts in that field. Therefore, the researchers create faithfulness to consumer, and in turn branding increase sales (12). As a mediator, researchers involve in the benefit of branding. Somehow, there is a conflict in their role between their benefit and the ethical norm of medical research. Fishman may be right when she implied that the ethical norm of medical research is driven by marketable drugs and marketable diagnoses. Let take a look in the process of how the drugs develop and bring to the market. First of all, the drug which is developed should meet the condition that can treat for disease with certain amount of patients, and then academic medical researchers are person who collect the clinical data, will mediate with FDA to get approval guideline for new drugs; ... ...cluded that With the increasing public†private arrangements being brokered between industry and academia, these ethical issues only become more entangled. Conventional medical ethics is unequipped to deal with these questions. Business ethics is likewise unable to accommodate the particular responsibilities of the biomedical project. The chasm left in between is where the academic researcher now treads, guided only by professional conventions and a growing entrepreneurialism and commercialism in medicine.(24). It may be strict if we say that the drugs market now needs to be control seriously and let the scientist be independent with their research because when drugs consider as other commodity, then patient become as customer not a patient. The patients need to be treated with medical ethical norm so that they can feel they are in treatment with good condition.

University of Phoenix Material

1. If you find errors on your credit report, what steps would you take to correct them? You would need to contact the consumer reporting company and the information provider like right away when you see something not right with your report.. When you are contacting the consumer reporting company in writing you need to explain to the person on the other line what information you believe to be is true that is inaccurate. When you are contacting the information provider in writing that you dispute on the item.They might ask you some questions like an address or etc. 2. There are many organizations that claim they will repair your credit for a fee. From your readings, should someone use a credit repair service? Why or why not? What are some actions these organizations can take that should be a red flag? 3. Have you, a family member, or a friend been a victim of identity theft? How did it happen? Describe the resolution process- ex. how much time did it take, what credit damage was correc ted?Well this actually just happen to me when I went to file my taxes. After I went and filed my taxes online it said that someone already had filed them. SO I waited two hours to actually talk to someone through the IRS and they hung up not one not twice but three times and I was very angry. I explained to them my situation. So they had to send me forms that I have to fill out and send back t0 the IRS. They told me this whole process is going to take 180 days.I don’t see how because, they should have like all the proof but, I guess it a waiting game now for me to sit back and just wait for my taxes. 4. Using the FTC site, what can you do to minimize the chance of your identity getting stolen? Ways you can protect your identify would be when you are going out into the public you only want to take your drivers license and the credit card you are going to need to go shopping or whatever you case might be. You never want to do your banking through and unsecure website always one to make sure it a secure site you are sure of.You always want to keep you social security card and birth certificate lock up when going away in case if someone would ever break into your home they won’t be able to rob you for your social and birth certificate. You always want to keep your pin numbers and your password to yourself. Don’t ever give them out because then anyone can access your stuff anytime they would want from where they want to. Never give anyone your credit or bank card to purchase or go get money because they could get your information. Post the Credit Protection and Identity Theft worksheet as a Microsoft ® Word attachment. University of Phoenix Material What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? During the 1900’s magazines along with newspapers became the leading literature for media. When the 1940’s rolled around radio was invented and became the new way to get in touch with the masses. Folks often tuned into to get the news on what was going on during the war. Even though radio was new there was still a high demand for the newspaper as a way to get and stay informed on different things.Then in the1950’s television became the new source for information and resources for mass media. Television was everything all rolled up into one and the people loved it. In 1962 technology grew and they came up with the Satellites which gave the masses or the American Culture access to news all around the world. Today we can all just see how far technology has came and how endless the possibilities may be for the future. There are many forms of communication and it just continues to grow and communication has become almost instant these days.There is a never ending demand for more speed, more apps and new computers with high performance and so many other ways to communicate and relay information to the masses. People want instant answers to their questions and concerns and mass media makes it happen for the people. Technology only seems to grow more and more as the demand for new ways to communicate grow with it. There is always the next best thing right after the next best thing to have and buy in way of, phones, computers, and I-pads for social networks and so on.How did each development influence American culture? Mass media has developed strongly over the past years. The development of mass media has had a big influence on the American culture in many ways. It seems today, that mass media has endless possibilities to reach people. Initially in American culture we only communicated orally. In the past people depended on teachers and story tellers to obtain knowledge. One of the beginning developments in mass media was the ability to print.As far back as the 1400’s there were books in the starting stages of becoming available to people the mass media audience. Then we had the development of the Telegraph as a way of communication that was instant, and it did away with the need to transport written information. The creation of the telegraph opened the doors to cell phones, radio and fax machines. In the Twentieth century we entered the phase of electronics. This new age of information brought television to the American culture and lead to other resources like satellite and computers.Then we moved into the digital phase which gave a wealth of power to a common person. So as we can see mass media has had a profound affect on American culture in ways we have evolved in communication. No longer relying on one certain source to gain knowledge or information, we now have many avenues of media and communication that are instant and avai lable and will only continue to become better, which allows the American culture to stay in touch, get informed, and help them better and faster with communication and recourses.

When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish

When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish The most immediately obvious difference between written Spanish and written English is Spanishs use of written accents, and occasionally of diereses (also known as umlauts). Both of these features are known as diacritical marks. Beginning Spanish students usually learn right away that the main use of the accent is to help with pronunciation, and specifically in telling the speaker which syllable of a word should be stressed. However, accents also have other uses, such as distinguishing between certain homonyms, parts of speech, and indicating a question. The only use of the dieresis is to assist in pronunciation. Here are the basic rules for using the written accent and the dieresis: Stress The rules for determining which syllable should be stressed are quite simple in Spanish. Accents are used to indicate exceptions to the rules. Here are the basic rules: If a word ends in a vowel, the letter s, or the letter n, the stress is on the next to last syllable.In other words without an accent, the stress is on the last syllable. Simply put, if the stress is on a syllable other than that indicated above, an accent is used to indicate where the stress is placed. Following are a few examples, with the approximate pronunciation in phonetic English. Note that a vowel may either gain or lose an accent when a word is put into plural or singular form. See the rules on pluralization for other examples. examen (egg-SAH-men)exmenes (eggs-SAH-men-ess)muà ±Ãƒ ³n (moon-YOHN)muà ±ones (moon-YOHN-ness)cancià ³n (kahn-SEEOHN)canciones (kahn-SEEOHN-ess) Distinguishing Homonyms Homonym pairs are separate words that have different meanings even though they sound alike. Here are some of the most common ones: de, of, from; dà © first- and third-person singular subjunctive form of dar, to give)el, the; à ©l, hemas, but; ms, moremi, my; mà ­, me;se, a reflexive and indirect object pronoun used in various ways; sà ©, I knowsi, if; sà ­, yessolo, only (adjective), single, alone; sà ³lo, only (adverb), solelyte, you (as an object); tà ©, teatu, your; tà º, you Demonstrative Pronouns Although the spelling reform of 2010 means they arent strictly necessary except to avoid confusion, accents also are traditionally used in Spanish on demonstrative pronouns to distinguish them from demonstrative adjectives. Talk about demonstrative parts of speech might sound like a mouthful, so its probably best to remember that in English were simply talking about the words this, that, these and those. In English, those words can be either adjectives or pronouns. In I like this book, this is an adjective; in I like this, this is a pronoun, since it stands for a noun. Here are the same sentences in Spanish: Me gusta este libro, I like this book. Me gusta à ©ste, translated as either I like this or I like this one. Note that when used as a pronoun, à ©ste traditionally has a written accent. In Spanish the demonstrative pronouns in the singular masculine form are à ©ste, à ©se, and aquà ©l, and the corresponding adjectives are este, ese, and aquel. Although distinguishing the meanings of these pronouns goes beyond the scope of this lesson, suffice it to say here that este/à ©ste corresponds roughly to this, while both ese/à ©se and aquel/aquà ©l can be translated as that. Items with which aquel/aquà ©l are used are farther from the speaker. Quiero aquel libro could be translated as I want the book thats over there. The following chart shows the various forms of the demonstrative pronouns (with the traditional accents) and adjectives, including the feminine and plural forms: Quiero este libro, I want this book. Quiero à ©ste, I want this one. Quiero estos libros, I want these books. Quiero à ©stos, I want these ones. Quiero esta camisa, I want this shirt. Quiero à ©sta, I want this one. Quiero estas camisas, I want these shirts. Quiero à ©stas, I want these ones.Quiero ese libro, I want that book. Quiero à ©se, I want that one. Quiero esos libros, I want those books. Quiero à ©sos, I want those ones. Quiero esa camisa, I want that shirt. Quiero à ©sa, I want that one. Quiero esas camisas, I want those shirts. Quiero à ©sas, I want those ones.Quiero aquel libro, I want that book over there. Quiero aquà ©l, I want that one over there. Quiero aquellos libros, I want those books over there. Quiero aquà ©llos, I want those ones over there. Quiero aquellas camisas, I want those shirts over there. Quiero aquà ©llas, I want those ones over there. There are also neuter variations of these pronouns (eso, esto, and aquello), and they are not accented because there are no corresponding neuter adjective forms. Interrogatives: A number of words are accented when they are used in a question (including an indirect question) or exclamation, but they arent otherwise accented. Such words are listed below:  ¿Adà ³nde? Where (to)? ¿Adà ³nde vas? Where are you going? ¿Cà ³mo? How? ¿Cà ³mo ests? How are you? ¿Cul?  ¿Cules? Which one? Which ones? ¿Cul es ms caro? Which one is more expensive? ¿Cundo? When?  ¿Cundo sales? When are you leaving? ¿Cunto?  ¿Cunta?  ¿Cuntos?  ¿Cuntas? How much? How many?  ¿Cuntos pesos cuesta el libro? How many pesos does the book cost? ¿Dà ³nde? Where?  ¿De dà ³nde es usted? Where are you from? ¿Por quà ©? Why?  ¿Por quà © vas? Why are you going? ¿Quà ©? What? Which?  ¿Quà © libro prefieres? What book do you prefer? ¿Quià ©n?  ¿Quienes? Who? Whom?  ¿Quià ©nes quieren mi libro? Who wants my book? Diereses: The dieresis (or umlaut) is used above the u when the u is sounded in the combinations of gà ¼i or gà ¼e. Without the umlaut, known as la dià ©resis or la crema in Spanish, the u would be silent, serving only to indicate that the g is pronounced as a hard g rather than similar to the j. (For example, guey with no umlaut would sound something like gay.) Among the words with umlauts are vergà ¼enza, shame; cigà ¼eà ±a, stork or crank; pingà ¼ino, penguin; and agà ¼ero, prediction.